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| ==== Tenure, management arrangements, | ==== Tenure, management arrangements, | ||
| - | The site is owned in freehold by Kirkbymoorside Town Council, having been purchased from Mr.J.H.Holt in April 1993 with grant aid from Ryedale District Council and North Yorkshire County Council. | + | The site is owned in freehold by Kirkbymoorside Town Council, having been purchased from Mr.J.H.Holt in April 1993 with grant aid from Ryedale District Council and North Yorkshire County Council. |
| Following acquisition of the site, a Management Committee was established comprising representatives of Kirkbymoorside Town Council, Ryedale District Council, Ryedale Naturalists' | Following acquisition of the site, a Management Committee was established comprising representatives of Kirkbymoorside Town Council, Ryedale District Council, Ryedale Naturalists' | ||
| - | An initial draft management plan was produced in 1993 (see Appendix 2). This divided the wood into three compartments. Compartment 1 is the area west of the road, Compartment 2 is the area East of the road and Compartment 3 includes Low Knoll. To avoid confusion this report uses the same compartment boundaries. | + | An initial draft management plan was produced in 1993 (see Appendix 2). This divided the wood into three compartments. Compartment 1 is the area west of the road, Compartment 2 is the area East of the road and Compartment 3 includes Low Knoll. To avoid confusion this report uses the same compartment boundaries.(see map 2 for details) |
| The sporting rights to the wood are held by the Ravenswick Estate. Kirkbymoorside Golf Club holds responsibility for the upkeep of the road and, by mutual agreement, periodic cutting of the road verges. Short-term use by the club of a small area of open ground for overflow car parking has been agreed by the Manor Vale Management Committee. | The sporting rights to the wood are held by the Ravenswick Estate. Kirkbymoorside Golf Club holds responsibility for the upkeep of the road and, by mutual agreement, periodic cutting of the road verges. Short-term use by the club of a small area of open ground for overflow car parking has been agreed by the Manor Vale Management Committee. | ||
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| Manor Vale is one of a series of valleys cutting north to south through the southern foothills of the North York Moors, known as the Tabular Hills. The underlying rocks are Corallian formations of the Upper Jurassic period, laid down in warm, shallow seas over 150 million years ago (Rayner & Hemingway, 1974). These consist of inter-bedded limestones and sandstones, which can give rise to quite complex stratification of the overlying soils, especially on valley slopes. The vegetation in Manor Vale suggests that the soils are predominantly lime-rich (calcareous) although there are distinct areas on the upper slopes where acidic and lime-deficient soils overlie outcrops of sandstone. Quarried (and natural?) rock exposures occur in several places. | Manor Vale is one of a series of valleys cutting north to south through the southern foothills of the North York Moors, known as the Tabular Hills. The underlying rocks are Corallian formations of the Upper Jurassic period, laid down in warm, shallow seas over 150 million years ago (Rayner & Hemingway, 1974). These consist of inter-bedded limestones and sandstones, which can give rise to quite complex stratification of the overlying soils, especially on valley slopes. The vegetation in Manor Vale suggests that the soils are predominantly lime-rich (calcareous) although there are distinct areas on the upper slopes where acidic and lime-deficient soils overlie outcrops of sandstone. Quarried (and natural?) rock exposures occur in several places. | ||
| + | The valley side slopes are very steep aprroximaltey a 50-76 degree angle in most places. There are a number of cliff sections in both the eastern and western valley sides where the chalk has been quarried in the past. At its widest the valley is 100m wide. | ||
| The valley bottom is located at around 80 m. AOD with the top of the slopes at around 110m. AOD. | The valley bottom is located at around 80 m. AOD with the top of the slopes at around 110m. AOD. | ||
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| Most of the site supports semi-natural (ie.unplanted) woodland. Ash is the dominant canopy tree with common oak and wych elm more patchily distributed. Field maple is widely but thinly scattered whilst sycamore is mainly confined to the southern and northern ends of the wood, although saplings occur more widely. Self-sown beech saplings occur very locally. Oak tends to become more frequent towards the top of the valley slopes, often with some holly in the understorey, | Most of the site supports semi-natural (ie.unplanted) woodland. Ash is the dominant canopy tree with common oak and wych elm more patchily distributed. Field maple is widely but thinly scattered whilst sycamore is mainly confined to the southern and northern ends of the wood, although saplings occur more widely. Self-sown beech saplings occur very locally. Oak tends to become more frequent towards the top of the valley slopes, often with some holly in the understorey, | ||
| - | The structure of the woodland is variable, ranging from 'high forest' | + | The structure of the woodland is very variable, ranging from 'high forest' |
| + | |||
| + | A number of veteran trees occur throughout the wood many of which are in excess of 3m in girth. In addition there is a wide range of standing and fallen dead wood throughout the site. | ||
| Dog's mercury is the most abundant herb with wood anemone, pignut, enchanter' | Dog's mercury is the most abundant herb with wood anemone, pignut, enchanter' | ||
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| A second pocket of acidic woodland is located towards the brow of the slope in Compartment 2 (Area E). This comprises a mixture of common oak and silver birch, some holly, honeysuckle, | A second pocket of acidic woodland is located towards the brow of the slope in Compartment 2 (Area E). This comprises a mixture of common oak and silver birch, some holly, honeysuckle, | ||
| - | Small areas of limestone grassland are found adjacent to Low Knoll (within the golf course boundary) and alongside the footpath following the eastern edge of the wood (Area D). An additional area occurs just north of the site boundary, on a bank adjoining to the footpath leading towards High Park Farm. Species characteristic of this type of grassland include lady's bedstraw, cowslip, common birdsfoot trefoil, salad burnet and quaking grass. | + | Small areas of limestone grassland are found adjacent to Low Knoll (within the golf course boundary) and alongside the footpath following the eastern edge of the wood (Area D -Finches Fork). Species characteristic of this type of grassland include lady's bedstraw, cowslip, common birdsfoot trefoil, salad burnet and quaking grass. |
| - | A clearing occupies the valley floor at the northern end of Compartment 1 (area C on Map 2). This supports coarse grassland with cocksfoot, false-oat, tussock grass, hogweed, stinging nettle and spear thistle. | + | A clearing occupies the valley floor at the northern end of Compartment 1 (area C on Map 2). This supports coarse grassland with cocksfoot, false-oat, tussock grass, hogweed, stinging nettle and spear thistle, part of this is under regular mamanegment as amenity grassland |
| An old hedgerow runs along part of the eastern boundary of the wood, containing wych elm, hazel, field maple, blackthorn, holly, ash and oak. | An old hedgerow runs along part of the eastern boundary of the wood, containing wych elm, hazel, field maple, blackthorn, holly, ash and oak. | ||
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| Further survey is required to update this information, | Further survey is required to update this information, | ||
| - | Little information seems to be available on mammals. Roe Deer are reported to pass through occasionally. Species noted in 1998 include Mole, Grey Squirrel, Bank Vole and Rabbit. | + | Little information seems to be available on mammals. Roe Deer are reported to pass through occasionally. Species noted include Mole, Grey Squirrel, Bank Vole and Rabbit. |
| Mr. D.H. Smith has compiled species lists for several Orders of invertebrates (see Appendix 4). Most notable amongst these is the flower beetle //Oedemera virescens//, | Mr. D.H. Smith has compiled species lists for several Orders of invertebrates (see Appendix 4). Most notable amongst these is the flower beetle //Oedemera virescens//, | ||
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| Although there are a number of old hazel stools within the wood, there is no evidence of coppicing during the recent history of the site. | Although there are a number of old hazel stools within the wood, there is no evidence of coppicing during the recent history of the site. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Since the town councils acquisition of the wood, access has been improved by the construction of steps and interpretive panels have been installed. The management of the woodland has been limited intervention with action only being undertaken when it was judged that individual trees posed a threat, if it was possible old trees would be retained as dead wood habitat, Natural processes have taken hold within the majority of the wood compartments with tree recruitment limited to natural regeneration of self sown saplings occurring when gaps occur in the canopy and self selection of older saplings through natural competition in sunny gaps. The areas D now known as Finches Fork has been regularly mown and raked to increase grassland biodiversity. Part of area C and the road verges are regularly mown during the growing season. | ||
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| === Nature conservation === | === Nature conservation === | ||
| - | Part of Manor Vale Wood (including Spring Wood to the north west) is mapped as Ancient Semi-natural (ie. unplanted) Woodland in English Nature' | + | Part of Manor Vale Wood (including Spring Wood in Tenterdale |
| - | In April 1995, Ryedale District Council included Manor Vale Wood amongst a list of Nature Conservation Sites of District Importance in the draft Ryedale Local Plan. This does not confer statutory legal protection (as in a site of Special Scientific Interest) but Local Plan policies aim to protect such ' | + | In April 1995, Ryedale District Council included Manor Vale Wood amongst a list of Nature Conservation Sites of District Importance in the draft Ryedale Local Plan ( SINC). This does not confer statutory legal protection (as in a site of Special Scientific Interest) but Local Plan policies aim to protect such ' |
| === Archaeology === | === Archaeology === | ||
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| === Size === | === Size === | ||
| - | Small sites may be vulnerable to the effects of neighbouring land use (e.g. intrusion of urban development, | + | Small sites are vulnerable to the effects of neighbouring land use (e.g. intrusion of urban development, |
| === Diversity === | === Diversity === | ||
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| Although most of the woodland is calcareous ash wood (NVC community W8), small areas of acidic woodland, limestone grassland, scrub and the clearing south of Spring Wood add to the diversity of habitat within the site boundaries. There is considerable diversity of woodland structure which reflects the varied landform of Manor Vale and the absence of commercial forestry management, which tends to create uniformity. Important features which contribute to habitat diversity are marked on Map 2. | Although most of the woodland is calcareous ash wood (NVC community W8), small areas of acidic woodland, limestone grassland, scrub and the clearing south of Spring Wood add to the diversity of habitat within the site boundaries. There is considerable diversity of woodland structure which reflects the varied landform of Manor Vale and the absence of commercial forestry management, which tends to create uniformity. Important features which contribute to habitat diversity are marked on Map 2. | ||
| - | //The existing range of habitats and vegetation structure should be maintained. This requires minimal management of the woodland but periodic mowing of the grassland areas is necessary to prevent these becoming overgrown and eventually reverting to scrub. Occasional cutting or at least removal of invading scrub will be necessary to maintain the open glade below the golf club (Area C).// | + | //The existing range of habitats and vegetation structure should be maintained. This requires minimal management of the woodland but periodic mowing of the grassland areas is necessary to prevent these becoming overgrown and eventually reverting to scrub. Occasional cutting or at least removal of invading scrub will be necessary to maintain the open glade in Tenterdale(Area C).// |
| //A small area of open, rocky slope toward the northern end of Compartment 1 (area B on Map 2) has been identified as supporting a particular diverse flora. Occasional removal of saplings is necessary to maintain this feature.// | //A small area of open, rocky slope toward the northern end of Compartment 1 (area B on Map 2) has been identified as supporting a particular diverse flora. Occasional removal of saplings is necessary to maintain this feature.// | ||
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| //The ' | //The ' | ||
| - | < | + | < |
| //Large scale felling and replanting is inappropriate and natural regeneration will ensure the continuity of the habitat for the foreseeable future. If natural regeneration of individual species is considered poor, seedlings can be protected with tree tubes or rabbit guards to promote survival and competing vegetation can be cut back.// | //Large scale felling and replanting is inappropriate and natural regeneration will ensure the continuity of the habitat for the foreseeable future. If natural regeneration of individual species is considered poor, seedlings can be protected with tree tubes or rabbit guards to promote survival and competing vegetation can be cut back.// | ||
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| //Trees should be allowed to age naturally since aged trees provide one of the most important habitat features in woodland. The presence of dead and decaying timber is part of this natural process and should not be removed except where it presents a safety hazard. Where removal of hazardous timber is necessary, lopping, crown reduction, pollarding or leaving a standing bole should be considered in preference to felling.// | //Trees should be allowed to age naturally since aged trees provide one of the most important habitat features in woodland. The presence of dead and decaying timber is part of this natural process and should not be removed except where it presents a safety hazard. Where removal of hazardous timber is necessary, lopping, crown reduction, pollarding or leaving a standing bole should be considered in preference to felling.// | ||
| - | //Thinning of dense hawthorn growth on Low Knoll will help restore a more balanced vegetation structure and allow canopy trees to re-establish as well as benefiting the ground flora.// | + | //Thinning of dense hawthorn growth on Low Knoll and on the golf club road margins |
| //Areas thinned within the past few years are already supporting a rich and attractive ground flora.// | //Areas thinned within the past few years are already supporting a rich and attractive ground flora.// | ||
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| There seems to be little information on the wildlife of Manor Vale until quite recently, although Henry Baines' | There seems to be little information on the wildlife of Manor Vale until quite recently, although Henry Baines' | ||
| - | Local naturalists have kept records of wildlife during 1980s and 1990s, which have been compiled by Mr.D.H. Smith (see Appendix 2). Formal vegetation-based surveys have been undertaken in 1989 (Ryedale Phase 1 habitat survey) and 1993 (Ryedale Woodland Survey). Further botanical survey | + | Local naturalists have kept records of wildlife during 1980s and 1990s, which have been compiled by Mr.D.H. Smith (see Appendix 2). Formal vegetation-based surveys have been undertaken in 1989 (Ryedale Phase 1 habitat survey) and 1993 (Ryedale Woodland Survey). Further botanical survey |
| //Research into the history of Manor Vale should be encouraged. Further biological survey should be encouraged to provide additional information on the nature conservation interest of the site, guide management and monitor ecological changes. Specific needs include an up to date survey of breeding birds.// | //Research into the history of Manor Vale should be encouraged. Further biological survey should be encouraged to provide additional information on the nature conservation interest of the site, guide management and monitor ecological changes. Specific needs include an up to date survey of breeding birds.// | ||
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| On a more local scale, Manor Vale Wood adjoins Spring Wood as well as small areas of limestone grassland and scrub on the golf course boundaries. These add to the ecological interest and diversity of the site and provide additional areas of semi-natural habitat on its periphery. | On a more local scale, Manor Vale Wood adjoins Spring Wood as well as small areas of limestone grassland and scrub on the golf course boundaries. These add to the ecological interest and diversity of the site and provide additional areas of semi-natural habitat on its periphery. | ||
| - | |||
| - | In addition, the golf course itself contains extensive areas of limestone grassland, scrub, hedgerows and fragments of ancient woodland which provide valuable wildlife habitats to the north of Manor Vale. A nature conservation plan for the golf course is currently in preparation. | ||
| // | // | ||
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| ===== Management programme ===== | ===== Management programme ===== | ||
| - | \\ This section summarises the work undertaken to date since the acquisition of the site in 1993 and outlines the management necessary to meet the objectives set out in the preceding section. | + | This section summarises the work undertaken to date since the acquisition of the site in 1993 and outlines the management necessary to meet the objectives set out in the preceding section. |
| ==== Recent management ==== | ==== Recent management ==== | ||
| - | \\ In 1993, work began to thin encroaching hawthorn, fencing was completed and boundary markers installed, and steps were constructed on a steep section of footpath. Paths were opened up to improve access. | + | In 1993, work began to thin encroaching hawthorn, fencing was completed and boundary markers installed, and steps were constructed on a steep section of footpath. Paths were opened up to improve access. |
| - | \\ In 1994, a new gate was fitted at the Castlegate entrance to the site and the road verges mown several times. | + | In 1994, a new gate was fitted at the Castlegate entrance to the site and the road verges mown several times. |
| - | \\ In 1995, further thinning of the scrub on Low Knoll was undertaken and ‘No Tipping’ | + | In 1995, further thinning of the scrub on Low Knoll was undertaken and 'No Tipping' |
| - | \\ In 1996, thinning work continued and a notice board was erected in February. Two seats, made from timber from a fallen oak tree, were installed and the path at the Castlegate entrance stoned. | + | In 1996, thinning work continued and a notice board was erected in February. Two seats, made from timber from a fallen oak tree, were installed and the path at the Castlegate entrance stoned. |
| - | \\ In 1997, further thinning was carried out and repairs to the steps were undertaken. Small scale thinning has continued in 1998-99 with scrub cut back from the margins on the limestone grassland area. Gaps in the boundary hedge along the eastern edge of Manor Vale have been planted up and a new gate installed at the Castlegate entrance. | + | In 1997, further thinning was carried out and repairs to the steps were undertaken. Small scale thinning has continued in 1998-99 with scrub cut back from the margins on the limestone grassland area. Gaps in the boundary hedge along the eastern edge of Manor Vale have been planted up and a new gate installed at the Castlegate entrance. |
| - | \\ Much of the thinning and footpath work has been undertaken by the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers with participation from members of the Management Committee. The Ravenswick Estate have also undertaken a considerable amount of thinning, tree safety work and scrub control on behalf of the Management Committee. | + | Much of the thinning and footpath work has been undertaken by the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers with participation from members of the Management Committee. The Ravenswick Estate have also undertaken a considerable amount of thinning, tree safety work and scrub control on behalf of the Management Committee. |
| - | \\ Management Committee meetings are normally followed by an inspection of the site to identify any work required. | + | Management Committee meetings are normally followed by an inspection of the site to identify any work required. |
| ==== Future management ==== | ==== Future management ==== | ||
| - | \\ Future management needs can be divided into ‘routine’ | + | Future management needs can be divided into ' |
| | | ||
| - | \\ (a) Mowing of limestone grassland in Compartment 2 (area E): 50% should be cut and raked in September each year. | + | a) Mowing of limestone grassland in Compartment 2 (area E Finches Fork): 50% should be cut and raked in August/September each year. |
| //Note: cutting with a reciprocating blade or similar mower will make raking easier. A flail mower should not be used. Prompt removal of cuttings reduces the build-up of nutrients (thus discouraging rank grasses) and prevents smaller wildflowers becoming smothered by the mulch.// | //Note: cutting with a reciprocating blade or similar mower will make raking easier. A flail mower should not be used. Prompt removal of cuttings reduces the build-up of nutrients (thus discouraging rank grasses) and prevents smaller wildflowers becoming smothered by the mulch.// | ||
| - | \\ (b) Sycamore and beech whips and saplings should be pulled or cut in any area where they have become numerous. A site inspection shold be taken annually to identify problem areas. | + | b) Sycamore and beech whips and saplings should be pulled or cut in any area where they have become numerous. A site inspection shold be taken annually to identify problem areas. |
| //Note: specimen trees of beech and sycamore enhance the wood but both species can become invasive, casting deep shade and affecting the natural ash wood flora. The aim should be control of regeneration of these species, not their eradication.// | //Note: specimen trees of beech and sycamore enhance the wood but both species can become invasive, casting deep shade and affecting the natural ash wood flora. The aim should be control of regeneration of these species, not their eradication.// | ||
| - | \\ (c) The growth of Japanese knotweed should be monitored annually. If there are signs of spread, appropriate | + | c) The growth of Japanese knotweed should be monitored annually. If there are signs of spread, appropriate |
| //Note: Japanese knotweed has established on tipped material on the embankment below the golf club car park in Compartment 2. Cutting and/or herbicide treatment should be considered to prevent further spread.// | //Note: Japanese knotweed has established on tipped material on the embankment below the golf club car park in Compartment 2. Cutting and/or herbicide treatment should be considered to prevent further spread.// | ||
| - | \\ (d) Cutting of encroaching vegetation along footpaths should be carried out each summer where necessary. | + | d) Cutting of encroaching vegetation along footpaths should be carried out each summer where necessary. |
| - | //Note: at present footpaths are well used and more or less self-maintaining.// | ||
| - | \\ (e) Hazardous timber should be dealt with on an ongoing basis as necessary. An inspection of potentially hazardous timber should be taken annually and appropriate action taken. | + | e) Hazardous timber should be dealt with on an ongoing basis as necessary. An inspection of potentially hazardous timber should be taken annually and appropriate action taken. |
| //Note: see 2.2.4. and 2.2.5. on the ecological importance of dead wood and recommendations for its management.// | //Note: see 2.2.4. and 2.2.5. on the ecological importance of dead wood and recommendations for its management.// | ||
| - | \\ (f) Hawthorn thinning: small-scale thinning of hawthorn in Compartment 2 should be continued each winter, at least for the next few years. | + | f) Hawthorn thinning: small-scale thinning of hawthorn in Compartment 2 should be continued each winter, at least for the next few years. |
| - | Note//: dense, spindly hawthorn thickets have limited wildlife value and prevent re- establishment of a more natural woodland habitat. However, open-grown hawthorns along the rides and woodland edge are very valuable, providing nectar for insects and berries for birds. Old hawthorns may be particularly valuable for lichens, invertebrates etc and should never be removed.// | + | Note:// dense, spindly hawthorn thickets have limited wildlife value and prevent re- establishment of a more natural woodland habitat. However, open-grown hawthorns along the rides and woodland edge are very valuable, providing nectar for insects and berries for birds. Old hawthorns may be particularly valuable for lichens, invertebrates etc and should never be removed.// |
| - | \\ (g) Remove a proportion of bramble and sapling growth from area B to maintain open conditions. | + | g) Remove a proportion of bramble and sapling growth from area B to maintain open conditions. |
| - | \\ (h) Mowing of the road verges (undertaken by the gold club). | + | h) Mowing of the road verges (undertaken by the gold club). |
| //Note: grass cuttings left to mulch down may be contributing to stinging nettle growth at the foot of the slope. The possibility of boxing cuttings should be investigated.// | //Note: grass cuttings left to mulch down may be contributing to stinging nettle growth at the foot of the slope. The possibility of boxing cuttings should be investigated.// | ||
| - | \\ (i) Maintain a record of work undertaken each year. | + | i) Maintain a record of work undertaken each year. |
| === Occasional tasks === | === Occasional tasks === | ||
| - | \\ (a) Maintain and repair footpaths, steps and stiles as necessary. | + | a) Maintain and repair footpaths, steps and stiles as necessary. |
| - | \\ (b) Consider production of an information leaflet explaining the history and wildlife interest of Manor Vale. | + | b) Consider production of an information leaflet explaining the history and wildlife interest of Manor Vale. |
| - | \\ (c) Encourage research into the history of Manor Vale. | + | c) Encourage research into the history of Manor Vale. |
| - | \\ (d) Encourage further biological survey. | + | d) Encourage further biological survey. |
| - | \\ (e) Cut back encroaching scrub and ash saplings around the margins of limestone grassland in area E as necessary. | + | e) Cut back encroaching scrub and ash saplings around the margins of limestone grassland in area E as necessary. |
| ===== References ===== | ===== References ===== | ||
| - | \\ Baines, H. (1840). **The flora of Yorkshire.**Longman & Co.: London. | + | Baines, H. (1840). **The flora of Yorkshire.**Longman & Co.: London. |
| - | \\ Dornier, A.M. (1967). Neville Castle, Kirkbymoorside: | + | Dornier, A.M. (1967). Neville Castle, Kirkbymoorside: |
| - | \\ HAMMOND, M & CROSSLEY, R. (1992). **The scarce and threatened wildlife of Ryedale: a biodiversity audit.** Report to Ryedale District Council (unpublished). | + | HAMMOND, M & CROSSLEY, R. (1992). **The scarce and threatened wildlife of Ryedale: a biodiversity audit.** Report to Ryedale District Council (unpublished). |
| - | \\ HYMAN. P.S. & PARSONS, M.S. (1992). **A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain.** Vol.1, UK Nature Conservation no.3. Joint Nature Conservation Committee: Peterborough. | + | HYMAN. P.S. & PARSONS, M.S. (1992). **A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain.** Vol.1, UK Nature Conservation no.3. Joint Nature Conservation Committee: Peterborough. |
| - | \\ JERRAM, R., CLAYDEN, D. & REES, S. (1998). **North York Moors National Park: upland vegetation survey -- summary report.** English Nature Research Reports No.245. English Nature: Peterborough. | + | JERRAM, R., CLAYDEN, D. & REES, S. (1998). **North York Moors National Park: upland vegetation survey -- summary report.** English Nature Research Reports No.245. English Nature: Peterborough. |
| - | \\ KIRBY, K.J. & DRAKE, C.M. (1993). **Dead wood matters: the ecology and conservation of saproxylic invertebrates in Britain.** English Nature Science No. 7. English Nature, Peterborough. | + | KIRBY, K.J. & DRAKE, C.M. (1993). **Dead wood matters: the ecology and conservation of saproxylic invertebrates in Britain.** English Nature Science No. 7. English Nature, Peterborough. |
| - | \\ nature conservancy council | + | Nature Conservancy Council |
| - | \\ PHILLIPS, P.M. (1994). **Inventory of ancient woodland (provisional), | + | PHILLIPS, P.M. (1994). **Inventory of ancient woodland (provisional), |
| - | \\ RATCLIFFE, D.A. (ed) (1977). **A nature conservation review.** Cambridge University Press. | + | RATCLIFFE, D.A. (ed) (1977). **A nature conservation review.** Cambridge University Press. |
| - | \\ RAYNER, D.H. & HEMINGWAY, J.E. (eds). (1974). **The geology and mineral resources of Yorkshire.** Yorkshire Geological Society. | + | RAYNER, D.H. & HEMINGWAY, J.E. (eds). (1974). **The geology and mineral resources of Yorkshire.** Yorkshire Geological Society. |
| - | \\ RIMMINGTON, F.C. (1970). The early deer parks of north-east Yorkshire. Part I: Introduction. __Transactions of the Scarborough & District Archaeological Society__, **2**(13): 3-16. | + | RIMMINGTON, F.C. (1970). The early deer parks of north-east Yorkshire. Part I: Introduction. __Transactions of the Scarborough & District Archaeological Society__, **2**(13): 3-16. |
| RIMMINGTON, F.C. (1977). The early deer parks of north-east Yorkshire. Part II: Catalogue. __Transactions of the Scarborough & District Archaeological Society__, **3**(20): 31-39. | RIMMINGTON, F.C. (1977). The early deer parks of north-east Yorkshire. Part II: Catalogue. __Transactions of the Scarborough & District Archaeological Society__, **3**(20): 31-39. | ||
| - | \\ RODWELL, J.S. (ed) (1991). **British plant communities, | + | RODWELL, J.S. (ed) (1991). **British plant communities, |
| - | \\ SYKES, N. (1993). **Wild plants and their habitats in the North York Moors.** North York Moors National Park: Helmsley. | + | SYKES, N. (1993). **Wild plants and their habitats in the North York Moors.** North York Moors National Park: Helmsley. |
| - | \\ WESTON, A. (1994). **Ryedale ancient woodland survey.** Department of Biology, University of York: TMRU Reports & Papers No. 94/2 | + | WESTON, A. (1994). **Ryedale ancient woodland survey.** Department of Biology, University of York: TMRU Reports & Papers No. 94/2 |
| - | \\ WILLIAMS, R.A.H. (1977). An excavation at Neville Castle, Kirkbymoorside, | + | WILLIAMS, R.A.H. (1977). An excavation at Neville Castle, Kirkbymoorside, |
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| //Ajuga reptans// bugle l | //Ajuga reptans// bugle l | ||
| - | // | + | // |
| - | // | + | // |
| //Allium ursinum// ramsons lf | //Allium ursinum// ramsons lf | ||
| Line 504: | Line 505: | ||
| //Chamerion angustifolium// | //Chamerion angustifolium// | ||
| - | //Circaea lutetiana// | + | //Circaea lutetiana// |
| //Cirsium arvense// creeping thistle o | //Cirsium arvense// creeping thistle o | ||
| Line 562: | Line 563: | ||
| //Galium saxatile// heath bedstraw vl | //Galium saxatile// heath bedstraw vl | ||
| - | //Galium verum// | + | //Galium verum// |
| //Geranium pratense// meadow cranesbill l | //Geranium pratense// meadow cranesbill l | ||
| Line 588: | Line 589: | ||
| // | // | ||
| - | //Hypericum hirsutum// hairy St John’s wort l | + | //Hypericum hirsutum// hairy St John's wort l |
| - | //Hypericum pulchrum// slender St John’s wort vl | + | //Hypericum pulchrum// slender St John's wort vl |
| //Ilex aquifolium// | //Ilex aquifolium// | ||
| Line 624: | Line 625: | ||
| //Melica uniflora// wood melick l | //Melica uniflora// wood melick l | ||
| - | // | + | // |
| //Mycelis muralis// wall lettuce r | //Mycelis muralis// wall lettuce r | ||
| Line 808: | Line 809: | ||
| ===== Appendix: Further lists of flowering plants, birds, insects & lichens ===== | ===== Appendix: Further lists of flowering plants, birds, insects & lichens ===== | ||
| - | \\ The following records were compiled from 1983 to 1995 covering a range of disciplines including some flowering plants discovered since the woodland surveys of 20/6/93 (A.Weston) and 13/9/98. Since the contributors gave of their time freely without claiming any expenses it is only right that acknowledgement be made. | + | The following records were compiled from 1983 to 1995 covering a range of disciplines including some flowering plants discovered since the woodland surveys of 20/6/93 (A.Weston) and 13/9/98. Since the contributors gave of their time freely without claiming any expenses it is only right that acknowledgement be made. |
| - | \\ __Compiler codes__ | + | __Compiler codes__ |
| ag Andrew Grayson, Kirkbymoorside. 1994 Y.N.U. County Diptera recorder | ag Andrew Grayson, Kirkbymoorside. 1994 Y.N.U. County Diptera recorder | ||
| Line 826: | Line 827: | ||
| rd1 Ryedale District Phase 1 Survey. 13.9.1989 | rd1 Ryedale District Phase 1 Survey. 13.9.1989 | ||
| - | \\ The compiler takes responsibility for the addition of English names and habitat notes to the records. Identifications have been made by the use of specific keys except for the micro moths, named with the help of a comprehensive reference collection belonging to the late Arthur Smith of York and except for spiders, for which I am grateful to the late Clifford Smith of York, Y.N.U. Recorder, for their identification. Bird records supplied by Michael Rowntree, late of the Manor Vale Management sub-committee: | + | The compiler takes responsibility for the addition of English names and habitat notes to the records. Identifications have been made by the use of specific keys except for the micro moths, named with the help of a comprehensive reference collection belonging to the late Arthur Smith of York and except for spiders, for which I am grateful to the late Clifford Smith of York, Y.N.U. Recorder, for their identification. Bird records supplied by Michael Rowntree, late of the Manor Vale Management sub-committee: |
| === Birds === | === Birds === | ||
| - | \\ //Accipiter nisus// Sparrowhawk P | + | //Accipiter nisus// Sparrowhawk P |
| // | // | ||
| Line 922: | Line 923: | ||
| === Flowering plants (additional) === | === Flowering plants (additional) === | ||
| - | \\ //Arctium minus - ssp.nemorosum// | + | //Arctium minus - ssp.nemorosum// |
| //Campanula latifolia// Giant bellflower ns | //Campanula latifolia// Giant bellflower ns | ||
| Line 1074: | Line 1075: | ||
| === Fungi (micro) === | === Fungi (micro) === | ||
| - | \\ //Epichloe typhia// ds white ‘Choke’ | + | \\ //Epichloe typhia// ds white ' |
| // | // | ||
| Line 1194: | Line 1195: | ||
| // | // | ||
| - | //Philaenus spumarius// ds the common | + | //Philaenus spumarius// ds the common |
| // | // | ||
| Line 1200: | Line 1201: | ||
| === Scorpionflies & others - Megaloptera === | === Scorpionflies & others - Megaloptera === | ||
| - | \\ //Panorpa germanica// ds ‘Scorpionfly’ | + | \\ //Panorpa germanica// ds ' |
| === Butterflies - Lepidoptera === | === Butterflies - Lepidoptera === | ||
| Line 1278: | Line 1279: | ||
| //Demetrias atricapilla// | //Demetrias atricapilla// | ||
| - | // | + | // |
| //Malachius bipustulatus// | //Malachius bipustulatus// | ||
| Line 1346: | Line 1347: | ||
| //Osmia rufa// ds the Red Mining bee | //Osmia rufa// ds the Red Mining bee | ||
| - | //Psithyrus bohemicus// ds Gipsy Cuckoo bee - takes over nest of Bombus | + | //Psithyrus bohemicus// ds Gipsy Cuckoo bee - takes over nest of Bombus lucorum |
| - | + | ||
| - | lucorum | + | |
| //Psithyrus vestalis// ds Vestal Cuckoo bee | //Psithyrus vestalis// ds Vestal Cuckoo bee | ||
| Line 1354: | Line 1353: | ||
| === Craneflies - Diptera === | === Craneflies - Diptera === | ||
| - | \\ //Limonia nubeculosa// | + | //Limonia nubeculosa// |
| //Limonia tripunctata// | //Limonia tripunctata// | ||
| Line 1360: | Line 1359: | ||
| // | // | ||
| - | //Tipula hortorum// ds large ‘agricultural’ | + | //Tipula hortorum// ds large ' |
| //Tipula lunata// ds | //Tipula lunata// ds | ||
| Line 1370: | Line 1369: | ||
| === Empids & Asilids - Diptera === | === Empids & Asilids - Diptera === | ||
| - | \\ // | + | // |
| //Dioctria rufipes// ds/ag robber fly | //Dioctria rufipes// ds/ag robber fly | ||
| Line 1388: | Line 1387: | ||
| // | // | ||
| - | === ‘Dollie’ | + | === ' |
| - | \\ //Beris chalybata// ds/ag | + | //Beris chalybata// ds/ag |
| //Beris vallata// ds | //Beris vallata// ds | ||
| Line 1398: | Line 1397: | ||
| //Bibio lepidus// ds | //Bibio lepidus// ds | ||
| - | //Bibio marci// ds St.Mark’s fly | + | //Bibio marci// ds St.Mark's fly |
| //Bibio nigriventris// | //Bibio nigriventris// | ||
| Line 1408: | Line 1407: | ||
| //Dilophus femoratus// ds Fever fly | //Dilophus femoratus// ds Fever fly | ||
| - | // | + | // |
| // | // | ||
| - | // | + | // |
| //Rhagio tringarius// | //Rhagio tringarius// | ||
| Line 1422: | Line 1421: | ||
| === Hoverflies & Conopidae - Diptera === | === Hoverflies & Conopidae - Diptera === | ||
| - | \\ //Cheilosia albitarsis// | + | //Cheilosia albitarsis// |
| //Cheilosia antiqua - var.A// ds/ag | //Cheilosia antiqua - var.A// ds/ag | ||
| Line 1478: | Line 1477: | ||
| //Syrphus ribesii// ds/ag | //Syrphus ribesii// ds/ag | ||
| - | //Volucella pellucens// ds/ag larva scavenges in bees’ | + | //Volucella pellucens// ds/ag larva scavenges in bees' |
| //Xylota segnis// ag | //Xylota segnis// ag | ||
| Line 1486: | Line 1485: | ||
| === Remainder of Cyclorrhapha - Diptera === | === Remainder of Cyclorrhapha - Diptera === | ||
| - | \\ //Anthomyia pluvialis// ds a black & white marked muscid fly | + | //Anthomyia pluvialis// ds a black & white marked muscid fly |
| // | // | ||
| Line 1504: | Line 1503: | ||
| //Graphomya maculata// ds a muscid | //Graphomya maculata// ds a muscid | ||
| - | // | + | // |
| - | + | ||
| - | parasites. | + | |
| //Limnia unguicornis// | //Limnia unguicornis// | ||
| Line 1542: | Line 1539: | ||
| === Galls === | === Galls === | ||
| - | \\ //Dasyneura ulmariae// ds midge galls on Meadowsweet leaves | + | //Dasyneura ulmariae// ds midge galls on Meadowsweet leaves |
| //Dasyneura urticae// ds midge galls in axils of Stinging nettle | //Dasyneura urticae// ds midge galls in axils of Stinging nettle | ||
