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manorvalemanagementplan [2011/11/18 08:13]
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 ==== Location ==== ==== Location ====
  
-Manor Vale is situated on the northern edge of Kirkbymoorside at National Grid Reference SE 693 872. It is reached from Dale End to the south, passing the North Yorkshire County Council Highways Depot. Footpaths from Gillamoor Road and Castlegate Lane lead into the site. Map 1 shows the site boundaries.+Manor Vale is situated on the northern edge of Kirkbymoorside at National Grid Reference SE 693 872. It is reached from Dale End to the south, passing the former North Yorkshire County Council Highways Depot. Footpaths from Gillamoor Road and Castlegate Lane lead into the site. Map 1 shows the site boundaries.
  
 Manor Vale lies entirely in the Civil Parish of Kirkbymoorside in the district of Ryedale, North Yorkshire. Manor Vale lies entirely in the Civil Parish of Kirkbymoorside in the district of Ryedale, North Yorkshire.
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 Manor Vale is a narrow, Y-shaped dry valley cut into the Jurassic strata of the Tabular Hills which form the southern fringe of the North York Moors. It is located at the northern edge of Kirkbymoorside, within easy reach of the town centre. Manor Vale is a narrow, Y-shaped dry valley cut into the Jurassic strata of the Tabular Hills which form the southern fringe of the North York Moors. It is located at the northern edge of Kirkbymoorside, within easy reach of the town centre.
  
-The limestone slopes of the Vale support semi-natural ash woodland with characteristic plants including field maple, wych elm, dog’s mercury, wood speedwell, wood anemone and primrose. A number of uncommon plants of limestone woodlands occur including green hellebore, toothwort and lily-of-the-valley. Two areas of more acidic woodland featuring species such as oak, rowan, silver birch, bilberry and greater woodrush mark outcrops of sandstone. Small areas of limestone grassland can be found at Low Knoll and along the break of slope at the eastern edge of the site.+The limestone slopes of the Vale support semi-natural ash woodland with characteristic plants including field maple, wych elm, dog's mercury, wood speedwell, wood anemone and primrose. A number of uncommon plants of limestone woodlands occur including green hellebore, toothwort and lily-of-the-valley. Two areas of more acidic woodland featuring species such as oak, rowan, silver birch, bilberry and greater woodrush mark outcrops of sandstone. Small areas of limestone grassland can be found at Low Knoll and along the break of slope at the eastern edge of the site.
  
 The site supports a range of birds characteristic of mature broadleaved woodland including Redstart and Nuthatch. Insects include the very rare flower beetle //Oedemera virescens//, a species associated with ancient woodland and parkland on the southern fringes of the North York Moors. The site supports a range of birds characteristic of mature broadleaved woodland including Redstart and Nuthatch. Insects include the very rare flower beetle //Oedemera virescens//, a species associated with ancient woodland and parkland on the southern fringes of the North York Moors.
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 ==== Tenure, management arrangements, rights of way and easements. ==== ==== Tenure, management arrangements, rights of way and easements. ====
  
-The site is owned in freehold by Kirkbymoorside Town Council, having been purchased from Mr.J.H.Holt in April 1993 with grant aid from Ryedale District Council and North Yorkshire County Council.+The site is owned in freehold by Kirkbymoorside Town Council, having been purchased from Mr.J.H.Holt in April 1993 with grant aid from Ryedale District Council and North Yorkshire County Council. ( see map 1 for site boundary)
  
-Following acquisition of the site, a Management Committee was established comprising representatives of Kirkbymoorside Town Council, Ryedale District Council, Ryedale Naturalists’ Society and Ravenswick Estates. Other members may be co-opted by the committee as required.+Following acquisition of the site, a Management Committee was established comprising representatives of Kirkbymoorside Town Council, Ryedale District Council, Ryedale Naturalists' Society and Ravenswick Estates. Other members may be co-opted by the committee as required.
  
-An initial draft management plan was produced in 1993 (see Appendix 2). This divided the wood into three compartments. Compartment 1 is the area west of the road, Compartment 2 is the area East of the road and Compartment 3 includes Low Knoll. To avoid confusion this report uses the same compartment boundaries.+An initial draft management plan was produced in 1993 (see Appendix 2). This divided the wood into three compartments. Compartment 1 is the area west of the road, Compartment 2 is the area East of the road and Compartment 3 includes Low Knoll. To avoid confusion this report uses the same compartment boundaries.(see map 2 for details)
  
-The sporting rights to the wood are held by the Ravenswick Estate. Kirkbymoorside Gold Club holds responsibility for the upkeep of the road and, by mutual agreement, periodic cutting of the road verges. Short-term use by the club of a small area of open ground for overflow car parking has been agreed by the Manor Vale Management Committee.+The sporting rights to the wood are held by the Ravenswick Estate. Kirkbymoorside Golf Club holds responsibility for the upkeep of the road and, by mutual agreement, periodic cutting of the road verges. Short-term use by the club of a small area of open ground for overflow car parking has been agreed by the Manor Vale Management Committee.
  
 The site is not subject to a Woodland Grant Scheme or other management agreement. The site is not subject to a Woodland Grant Scheme or other management agreement.
  
-Public Rights of Way follow the road from Dale End to the golf club, the track through Low Knoll and a +Public Rights of Way follow the road from Dale End to the golf club, the track through Low Knoll and a path along the eastern boundary of the wood. In practice, there is open public access to the site throughout the year.
- +
-path along the eastern boundary of the wood. In practice, there is open public access to the site throughout the year.+
  
 Easements for the utilities supplying the golf club are shown on map 3. Easements for the utilities supplying the golf club are shown on map 3.
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 Manor Vale is one of a series of valleys cutting north to south through the southern foothills of the North York Moors, known as the Tabular Hills. The underlying rocks are Corallian formations of the Upper Jurassic period, laid down in warm, shallow seas over 150 million years ago (Rayner & Hemingway, 1974). These consist of inter-bedded limestones and sandstones, which can give rise to quite complex stratification of the overlying soils, especially on valley slopes. The vegetation in Manor Vale suggests that the soils are predominantly lime-rich (calcareous) although there are distinct areas on the upper slopes where acidic and lime-deficient soils overlie outcrops of sandstone. Quarried (and natural?) rock exposures occur in several places. Manor Vale is one of a series of valleys cutting north to south through the southern foothills of the North York Moors, known as the Tabular Hills. The underlying rocks are Corallian formations of the Upper Jurassic period, laid down in warm, shallow seas over 150 million years ago (Rayner & Hemingway, 1974). These consist of inter-bedded limestones and sandstones, which can give rise to quite complex stratification of the overlying soils, especially on valley slopes. The vegetation in Manor Vale suggests that the soils are predominantly lime-rich (calcareous) although there are distinct areas on the upper slopes where acidic and lime-deficient soils overlie outcrops of sandstone. Quarried (and natural?) rock exposures occur in several places.
 +The valley side slopes are very steep aprroximaltey a 50-76 degree angle in most places. There are a number of cliff sections in both the eastern and western valley sides where the chalk has been quarried in the past. At its widest the valley is 100m wide.
  
 The valley bottom is located at around 80 m. AOD with the top of the slopes at around 110m. AOD. The valley bottom is located at around 80 m. AOD with the top of the slopes at around 110m. AOD.
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 Most of the site supports semi-natural (ie.unplanted) woodland. Ash is the dominant canopy tree with common oak and wych elm more patchily distributed. Field maple is widely but thinly scattered whilst sycamore is mainly confined to the southern and northern ends of the wood, although saplings occur more widely. Self-sown beech saplings occur very locally. Oak tends to become more frequent towards the top of the valley slopes, often with some holly in the understorey, marking a transition to less lime-rich soils. Most of the site supports semi-natural (ie.unplanted) woodland. Ash is the dominant canopy tree with common oak and wych elm more patchily distributed. Field maple is widely but thinly scattered whilst sycamore is mainly confined to the southern and northern ends of the wood, although saplings occur more widely. Self-sown beech saplings occur very locally. Oak tends to become more frequent towards the top of the valley slopes, often with some holly in the understorey, marking a transition to less lime-rich soils.
  
-The structure of the woodland is variable, ranging from â€˜high forest’ with a continuous canopy of tall trees and little understorey through to shrub-dominated areas and dense stands of young ash. Spindly thickets of even-aged hawthorn at Low Knoll (Compartment 3) probably results from rapid scrub growth following the cessation of grazing. Hazel is locally distributed in the understorey throughout the wood and although there are some large, old specimens there is little indication of past coppice management. Blackthorn and elder occur in places, probably marking areas which have been disturbed.+The structure of the woodland is very variable, ranging from 'high forest' with a continuous canopy of tall trees and little understorey through to shrub-dominated areas and dense stands of young ash. Thickets of even-aged hawthorn at Low Knoll (Compartment 3) probably results from rapid scrub growth following the cessation of grazing. Hazel is locally distributed in the understorey throughout the wood and although there are some large, old specimens there is little indication of past coppice management. Blackthorn and elder occur in places, probably marking areas which have been disturbed. 
 + 
 +A number of veteran trees occur throughout the wood many of which are in excess of 3m in girth. In addition there is a wide range of standing and fallen dead wood throughout the site.
  
 Dog's mercury is the most abundant herb with wood anemone, pignut, enchanter's nightshade, primrose, wood speedwell, sweet violet and common dog violet found frequently through most of the wood. Ramsons, bluebell, wood sorrel, yellow pimpernel, sanicle, wood melick, wood false-brome and male fern are more localised whilst wild arum, goldilocks, buttercup, early dog violet, herb Robert, hairy St. John's wort, bugle, tussock grass, wood sedge and broad buckler fern occur occasionally. Dog's mercury is the most abundant herb with wood anemone, pignut, enchanter's nightshade, primrose, wood speedwell, sweet violet and common dog violet found frequently through most of the wood. Ramsons, bluebell, wood sorrel, yellow pimpernel, sanicle, wood melick, wood false-brome and male fern are more localised whilst wild arum, goldilocks, buttercup, early dog violet, herb Robert, hairy St. John's wort, bugle, tussock grass, wood sedge and broad buckler fern occur occasionally.
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 Towards the northern end of Compartment 1, there is a marked transition to more acidic woodland on the upper slope (area A on Map 2). This is characterised by oak, silver birch and rowan with greater woodrush, downy woodrush, wavy hair-grass and bilberry in the field layer. Associated species include bitter vetch, wood sorrel and slender St. John's wort. A massive specimen of sessile oak stands at the edge of the wood. Towards the northern end of Compartment 1, there is a marked transition to more acidic woodland on the upper slope (area A on Map 2). This is characterised by oak, silver birch and rowan with greater woodrush, downy woodrush, wavy hair-grass and bilberry in the field layer. Associated species include bitter vetch, wood sorrel and slender St. John's wort. A massive specimen of sessile oak stands at the edge of the wood.
  
-A second pocket of acidic woodland is located towards the brow of the slope in Compartment 2 (Area E). This comprises a mixture of common oak and silver birch, some holly, honeysuckle, rowan and scattered gorse bushes. The herb flora here includes tormentil, betony, devilsbit scabious, heath bedstraw, slender St.John’s wort, bitter vetch and sweet vernal grass.+A second pocket of acidic woodland is located towards the brow of the slope in Compartment 2 (Area E). This comprises a mixture of common oak and silver birch, some holly, honeysuckle, rowan and scattered gorse bushes. The herb flora here includes tormentil, betony, devilsbit scabious, heath bedstraw, slender St.John's wort, bitter vetch and sweet vernal grass.
  
-Small areas of limestone grassland are found adjacent to Low Knoll (within the golf course boundary) and alongside the footpath following the eastern edge of the wood (Area D). An additional area occurs just north of the site boundary, on a bank adjoining to the footpath leading towards High Park Farm. Species characteristic of this type of grassland include lady's bedstraw, cowslip, common birdsfoot trefoil, salad burnet and quaking grass.+Small areas of limestone grassland are found adjacent to Low Knoll (within the golf course boundary) and alongside the footpath following the eastern edge of the wood (Area D -Finches Fork). Species characteristic of this type of grassland include lady's bedstraw, cowslip, common birdsfoot trefoil, salad burnet and quaking grass.
  
-A clearing occupies the valley floor at the northern end of Compartment 1 (area C on Map 2). This supports coarse grassland with cocksfoot, false-oat, tussock grass, hogweed, stinging nettle and spear thistle.+A clearing occupies the valley floor at the northern end of Compartment 1 (area C on Map 2). This supports coarse grassland with cocksfoot, false-oat, tussock grass, hogweed, stinging nettle and spear thistle, part of this is under regular mamanegment as amenity grassland
  
 An old hedgerow runs along part of the eastern boundary of the wood, containing wych elm, hazel, field maple, blackthorn, holly, ash and oak. An old hedgerow runs along part of the eastern boundary of the wood, containing wych elm, hazel, field maple, blackthorn, holly, ash and oak.
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 The National Vegetation Classification (NVC) provides a standard ecological description of British plant communities (Rodwell, 1991) and is now widely used in site survey and assessment. The National Vegetation Classification (NVC) provides a standard ecological description of British plant communities (Rodwell, 1991) and is now widely used in site survey and assessment.
  
-The majority of the site supports ash-field maple-dog’s mercury woodland, coded W8 in the NVC. This is the typical semi-natural woodland found on freely-draining, lime-rich soils in lowland England. Ancient stands have a characteristically rich flora and have often been managed by coppicing in the past, although there is little evidence of this at Manor Vale.+The majority of the site supports ash-field maple-dog's mercury woodland, coded W8 in the NVC. This is the typical semi-natural woodland found on freely-draining, lime-rich soils in lowland England. Ancient stands have a characteristically rich flora and have often been managed by coppicing in the past, although there is little evidence of this at Manor Vale.
  
-Area contains oak-birch-wavy hair grass woodland (W16), a community of well-drained, very acid, nutrient poor soils. This marks an outcrop of sandstone with thin, very lime-deficient soil. Ash and dog’s mercury are absent whilst bilberry, wavy hair-grass and sessile oak<sup>1</sup> are particularly characteristic species of this type of woodland. Oak-birch-wavy hair-grass woodland is widespread on steep valley slopes within the North York Moors National Park (Jerram et al, 1998) but of very localised occurrence in lowland Ryedale.+Area contains oak-birch-wavy hair grass woodland (W16), a community of well-drained, very acid, nutrient poor soils. This marks an outcrop of sandstone with thin, very lime-deficient soil. Ash and dog's mercury are absent whilst bilberry, wavy hair-grass and sessile oak<sup>1</sup> are particularly characteristic species of this type of woodland. Oak-birch-wavy hair-grass woodland is widespread on steep valley slopes within the North York Moors National Park (Jerram et al, 1998) but of very localised occurrence in lowland Ryedale.
  
 Area E is similar but lacks bilberry and wavy hair-grass; this stand is not easy to place in relation to the National Vegetation Classification. Area E is similar but lacks bilberry and wavy hair-grass; this stand is not easy to place in relation to the National Vegetation Classification.
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 Further survey is required to update this information, and particularly to assess the current status and distribution of the more localised breeding species. Further survey is required to update this information, and particularly to assess the current status and distribution of the more localised breeding species.
  
-Little information seems to be available on mammals. Roe Deer are reported to pass through occasionally. Species noted in 1998 include Mole, Grey Squirrel, Bank Vole and Rabbit.+Little information seems to be available on mammals. Roe Deer are reported to pass through occasionally. Species noted include Mole, Grey Squirrel, Bank Vole and Rabbit.
  
-Mr. D.H. Smith has compiled species lists for several Orders of invertebrates (see Appendix 4). Most notable amongst these is the flower beetle //Oedemera virescens,//which was collected on buttercup flowers in May 1993.+Mr. D.H. Smith has compiled species lists for several Orders of invertebrates (see Appendix 4). Most notable amongst these is the flower beetle //Oedemera virescens//, which was collected on buttercup flowers in May 1993.
  
-This is an extremely localised insect with its British stronghold in ancient wood-land in the Jurassic limestone valleys on the southern edge of the North York Moors, between Rievaulx and Pickering (Hyman & Parsons, 1992; Hammond & Crossley, 1996). //Oedemera virescens//is thought to develop as a larva in dead wood, the adults visiting flowers to obtain nectar. The presence of a number of other insects associated with dead wood or ageing trees is noteworthy; these include the Cardinal Beetle, //Pyrochroa serraticornis//, and the Wasp Beetle, //Clytus arietis//.+This is an extremely localised insect with its British stronghold in ancient wood-land in the Jurassic limestone valleys on the southern edge of the North York Moors, between Rievaulx and Pickering (Hyman & Parsons, 1992; Hammond & Crossley, 1996). //Oedemera virescens// is thought to develop as a larva in dead wood, the adults visiting flowers to obtain nectar. The presence of a number of other insects associated with dead wood or ageing trees is noteworthy; these include the Cardinal Beetle, //Pyrochroa serraticornis//, and the Wasp Beetle, //Clytus arietis//.
  
 ==== Archaeology and land use history ==== ==== Archaeology and land use history ====
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 Archaeological interest centres on the site of Neville Castle, located at the south-eastern edge of Manor Vale (grid.ref. SE 6946 8694). The castle and associated remains were excavated over several seasons between 1962 and 1974 and the findings published (see Dornier, 1967 and Williams, 1977). The later excavations were funded by the Department of the Environment in advance of building development on part of the castle site. Archaeological interest centres on the site of Neville Castle, located at the south-eastern edge of Manor Vale (grid.ref. SE 6946 8694). The castle and associated remains were excavated over several seasons between 1962 and 1974 and the findings published (see Dornier, 1967 and Williams, 1977). The later excavations were funded by the Department of the Environment in advance of building development on part of the castle site.
  
-\\ 12<sup>th</sup>Century pottery shards suggest a long history of human occupation of the castle site with a timber-framed hall established there from around 1300. The original buildings were occupied until the late 15<sup>th</sup>or early 16<sup>th</sup>Century then demolished to make way for a more substantial hunting lodge.+12<sup>th</sup>Century pottery shards suggest a long history of human occupation of the castle site with a timber-framed hall established there from around 1300. The original buildings were occupied until the late 15<sup>th</sup>or early 16<sup>th</sup>Century then demolished to make way for a more substantial hunting lodge.
  
-This lodge, Neville Castle, replaced Stuteville Castle (a moated enclosure on Vivier’s Hill, 500 m. to the east) as the seat of Manor of Kirkbymoorside, held by the Neville family. This was a high status dwelling of domestic rather than defensive or military purpose, and comprised a set of stone buildings surrounding a courtyard.+This lodge, Neville Castle, replaced Stuteville Castle (a moated enclosure on Vivier's Hill, 500 m. to the east) as the seat of Manor of Kirkbymoorside, held by the Neville family. This was a high status dwelling of domestic rather than defensive or military purpose, and comprised a set of stone buildings surrounding a courtyard.
  
 By around 1600 the castle had fallen into disuse, the seat of the Manor having been transferred to High Hall, some 200 m. to the south. Rimington (1977) states that the castle was dismantled in 1616 to provide building material for High Hall. By around 1600 the castle had fallen into disuse, the seat of the Manor having been transferred to High Hall, some 200 m. to the south. Rimington (1977) states that the castle was dismantled in 1616 to provide building material for High Hall.
  
-Neville Castle was attached to a pre-existing deer park enclosing an area between Park lane and the Gillamoor Road with a perimeter of 3.75km. Low and High Park Farms are reminders of this, the former probably being the original park warden’s residence (Rimington, 1977). The presence of a deer park is of considerable ecological as well as historical interest, since these enclosures often protected areas of natural woodland and provided a link between theprehistoric â€˜wild wood’ and the modernlandscape. Manor Vale lay within the park pale (perimeter) and ancient woodland here maybe a vestige of the mediaeval landscape.+Neville Castle was attached to a pre-existing deer park enclosing an area between Park lane and the Gillamoor Road with a perimeter of 3.75km. Low and High Park Farms are reminders of this, the former probably being the original park warden's residence (Rimington, 1977). The presence of a deer park is of considerable ecological as well as historical interest, since these enclosures often protected areas of natural woodland and provided a link between theprehistoric 'wild wood' and the modern landscape. Manor Vale lay within the park pale (perimeter) and ancient woodland here maybe a vestige of the mediaeval landscape.
  
-Oak timber from Kirkbymoorside park was sent to repair Meaux Abbey near Beverley in the early 12<sup>th</sup>Century. Rimington (1970) mentions that Baldwin de Wake owned the Kirkbymoorside park in the 13<sup>th</sup>+Oak timber from Kirkbymoorside park was sent to repair Meaux Abbey near Beverley in the early 12<sup>th</sup>Century. Rimington (1970) mentions that Baldwin de Wake owned the Kirkbymoorside park in the 13<sup>th</sup> Century and in 1282 it was said to be "of a legue in circuit and to contain seven score beasts". In 1570, the park was described as adjoining the site of the Neville Castle, being 
  
-<sup>2</sup> glades kept open for grazing deer+    "...very well planted with wood and timber, wherein large  
 +    laundes<sup>2</sup> and is well replenished with fallow deer and containeth  
 +    in compass two miles and a half in measure and CLXXVII acres,  
 +    wherein one Keeper, William Bankes, which hath stipend yearly  
 +    of LX s., VIII d..." (cited in Rimington, 1977)
  
-Century and in 1282 it was said to be “of a legue in circuit and to contain seven score beasts”. In1570, the park was described as adjoining the site of the Neville Castle, being very well planted with wood and timber, wherein large laundes<sup>2</sup> and is well replenished with fallow deer and containeth in compass two miles and a half in measure and CLXXVII acres, wherein one Keeper, William Bankes, which hath stipend yearly +The park was shown as an enclosure on Saxton's Map of Yorkshire of 1577 and John Speede's map of the North and East Ridings of 1610. By the 17<sup>th</sup>Century however, most of the park had been turned over to agriculture, presumably coinciding with the dereliction of Neville Castle.
-of LX s., VIII d...” (cited in Rimington, 1977)+
  
-The park was shown as an enclosure on Saxton’s Map of Yorkshire of 1577 and John Speede’s map of the North and East Ridings of 1610. By the 17<sup>th</sup>Century however, most of the park had been turned over to agriculture, presumably coinciding with the dereliction of Neville Castle.+More recent land use does not appear to be well-documented. Quarrying has clearly taken place within Manor Vale and the amount of woodland has probably varied over time. The disused County Council highways depot is located in a former quarry cutting. More small-scale quarrying has taken place in the north of the wood.
  
-More recent land use does not appear to be well-documented. Quarrying has clearly taken place within Manor Vale and the amount of woodland has probably varied over time. The present County Council highways depot is located in a former quarry cutting. More small-scale quarrying has taken place in the north of the wood. +Photographs of the northern end of the Vale, taken ca. 1911, are on display at Kirkbymoorside Golf Club. At this time the Vale formed part of the course and was open 'park' woodland, presumably grazed by sheep. The photographs show that there was little undergrowth, at least in the northern part of the wood, but some of the mature trees still stand today. This indicates that the wood has not been clear-felled during the present century and there has probably been a long continuity of mature timber habitat . 
- +
-Photographs of the northern end of the Vale, taken ca. 1911, are on display at Kirkbymoorside Golf Club. At this time the Vale formed part of the course and was open â€˜park’ woodland, presumably grazed by sheep. The photographs show that there was little undergrowth, at least in the northern part of the wood, but some of the mature trees still stand today. This indicates that the wood has not been clear-felled during the present century and there has probably been a long continuity of mature timber habitat . +
  
 Part of the site was used by the army during World War II, with nissen huts present in the early 1940s. Part of the site was used by the army during World War II, with nissen huts present in the early 1940s.
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 Although there are a number of old hazel stools within the wood, there is no evidence of coppicing during the recent history of the site. Although there are a number of old hazel stools within the wood, there is no evidence of coppicing during the recent history of the site.
 +
 +Since the town councils acquisition of the wood, access has been improved by the construction of steps and interpretive panels have been installed. The management of the woodland has been limited intervention with action only being undertaken when it was judged that individual trees posed a threat, if it was possible old trees would be retained as dead wood habitat, Natural processes have taken hold within the majority of the wood compartments with tree recruitment limited to natural regeneration of self sown saplings occurring when gaps occur in the canopy and self selection of older saplings through natural competition in sunny gaps. The areas D now known as Finches Fork has been regularly mown and raked to increase grassland biodiversity. Part of area C and the road verges are regularly mown during the growing season.
  
  
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 === Nature conservation === === Nature conservation ===
  
-\\ \\ Part of Manor Vale Wood (including Spring Wood to the north west) is mapped as Ancient Semi-natural (ie. unplanted) Woodland in English Nature’s __Ancient Woodland Inventory__(Philips, 1994). The whole of Manor Vale can be characterised as ancient semi-natural woodland, although Spring Wood is largely planted with ash, beech and sycamore.+Part of Manor Vale Wood (including Spring Wood in Tenterdale to the north west) is mapped as Ancient Semi-natural (ie. unplanted) Woodland in English Nature's __Ancient Woodland Inventory__ (Philips, 1994). The whole of Manor Vale can be characterised as ancient semi-natural woodland, although Spring Wood is largely planted with ash, beech and sycamore.
  
-\\ In April 1995, Ryedale District Council included Manor Vale Wood amongst a list of Nature Conservation Sites of District Importance in the draft Ryedale Local Plan. This does not confer statutory legal protection (as in a site of Special Scientific Interest) but Local Plan policies aim to protect such â€˜second tier’ sites against damaging development. These sites also receive priority in terms of practical support for conservation management.+In April 1995, Ryedale District Council included Manor Vale Wood amongst a list of Nature Conservation Sites of District Importance in the draft Ryedale Local Plan ( SINC). This does not confer statutory legal protection (as in a site of Special Scientific Interest) but Local Plan policies aim to protect such 'second tier' sites against damaging development. These sites also receive priority in terms of practical support for conservation management.
  
 === Archaeology === === Archaeology ===
  
-\\ Neville Castle was originally scheduled as an Ancient Monument in December 1962 and this designation was amended in April 1974.+Neville Castle was originally scheduled as an Ancient Monument in December 1962 and this designation was amended in April 1974.
  
-\\ In January 1998, English Heritage proposed amending the Scheduled Monument boundaries to include the exposed mediaeval masonry within Manor Vale. Section 1 of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979) applies.+In January 1998, English Heritage proposed amending the Scheduled Monument boundaries to include the exposed mediaeval masonry within Manor Vale. Section 1 of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979) applies.
  
-\\ Details are included in Appendix 1.+Details are included in Appendix 1.
  
 ==== Evaluation of nature conservation interest ==== ==== Evaluation of nature conservation interest ====
  
-\\ It is useful to evaluate the nature conservation interest of the site in order to identify important features and management objectives. Well-established criteria are set out in __A nature conservation review__(Ratcliffe, 1977) are followed in this section and their implications for management are discussed. Management recommendations are given in italics.+It is useful to evaluate the nature conservation interest of the site in order to identify important features and management objectives. Well-established criteria set out in __A nature conservation review__ (Ratcliffe, 1977) are followed in this section and their implications for management are discussed. Management recommendations are given in italics.
  
 === Size === === Size ===
  
-\\ Small sites may be vulnerable to the effects of neighbouring land use (eg. intrusion of urban development, drift of agricultural chemicals). At around 6.5 ha., Manor Vale is a relatively small woodland but its location in a valley limits the impact of adjoining land use. +Small sites are vulnerable to the effects of neighbouring land use (e.g. intrusion of urban development, drift of agricultural chemicals). At around 6.5 hectares, Manor Vale is a relatively small woodland and has a long thin shape which gives it a relatively long perimeter in relation to its area. Its location in a valley limits the impact of adjoining land use to some extent
 === Diversity === === Diversity ===
  
-\\ For a small woodland site, Manor Vale supports a high diversity of plantlife, with nearly 180 flowering plants and ferns recorded in recent years.+For a small woodland site, Manor Vale supports a high diversity of plantlife, with nearly 180 flowering plants and ferns recorded in recent years.
  
-\\ Although most of the woodland is calcareous ash wood (NVC community W8), small areas of acidic woodland, limestone grassland, scrub and the clearing south of Spring Wood add to the diversity of habitat within the site boundaries. There is considerable diversity of woodland structure which reflects the varied landform of Manor Vale and the absence of commercial forestry management, which tends to create uniformity. Important features which contribute to habitat diversity are marked on Map 2.+Although most of the woodland is calcareous ash wood (NVC community W8), small areas of acidic woodland, limestone grassland, scrub and the clearing south of Spring Wood add to the diversity of habitat within the site boundaries. There is considerable diversity of woodland structure which reflects the varied landform of Manor Vale and the absence of commercial forestry management, which tends to create uniformity. Important features which contribute to habitat diversity are marked on Map 2.
  
-\\ //The existing range of habitats and vegetation structure should be maintained. This requires minimal management of the woodland but periodic mowing of the grassland areas is necessary to prevent these becoming overgrown and eventually reverting to scrub. Occasional cutting or at least removal of invading scrub will be necessary to maintain the open glade below the golf club (Area C).//+//The existing range of habitats and vegetation structure should be maintained. This requires minimal management of the woodland but periodic mowing of the grassland areas is necessary to prevent these becoming overgrown and eventually reverting to scrub. Occasional cutting or at least removal of invading scrub will be necessary to maintain the open glade in Tenterdale(Area C).//
  
 //A small area of open, rocky slope toward the northern end of Compartment 1 (area B on Map 2) has been identified as supporting a particular diverse flora. Occasional removal of saplings is necessary to maintain this feature.// //A small area of open, rocky slope toward the northern end of Compartment 1 (area B on Map 2) has been identified as supporting a particular diverse flora. Occasional removal of saplings is necessary to maintain this feature.//
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 === Naturalness === === Naturalness ===
  
-\\ Ryedale is relatively rich in ancient woodlands (see Weston, 1994) but the majority of these have been replanted with non-indigenous species such as sycamore, beech or conifers, Even in semi-natural woodlands (those where native tree species such as ash or oak predominate), recent management has often resulted in unnatural uniformity, typically with nearly all the trees of a similar age, little variation in canopy structure and very few, in any, old trees. Manor Vale is unusual in that it appears to be relatively natural with no evidence of recent replanting. Important features include+Ryedale is relatively rich in ancient woodlands (see Weston, 1994) but the majority of these have been replanted with non-indigenous species such as sycamore, beech or conifers, Even in semi-natural woodlands (those where native tree species such as ash or oak predominate), recent management has often resulted in unnatural uniformity, typically with nearly all the trees of a similar age, little variation in canopy structure and very few, in any, old trees. Manor Vale is unusual in that it appears to be relatively natural with no evidence of recent replanting. Important features include
  
-* a varied age structure (see 1993 Management Plan, p2)+  * a varied age structure (see 1993 Management Plan, p2)
  
-* varied canopy structure+  * varied canopy structure
  
-* the presence of old trees and dead wood+  * the presence of old trees and dead wood
  
-* a predominance of indigenous species+  * a predominance of indigenous species
  
-* ample natural regeneration of the principal tree and shrub species<sup>3</sup>.+  * ample natural regeneration of the principal tree and shrub species<sup>3</sup>.
  
 Less natural features include an abundance of dense, even-aged hawthorn on Low Knoll (Compartment 3), probably resulting from rapid scrub growth after grazing ceased. Less natural features include an abundance of dense, even-aged hawthorn on Low Knoll (Compartment 3), probably resulting from rapid scrub growth after grazing ceased.
  
-\\ //The â€˜naturalness’ of Manor Vale Wood contributes much to the character of the site, its appeal to local people and its value to wildlife. Maintaining its natural qualities should be a key consideration in all management decisions.//+//The 'naturalness' of Manor Vale Wood contributes much to the character of the site, its appeal to local people and its value to wildlife. Maintaining its natural qualities should be a key consideration in all management decisions.//
  
-\\ <sub>3</sub> Ash regeneration is abundant with holly seedlings locally frequent on the upper slopes. Regeneration of wych elm and oak is localised. Small numbers of saplings or young plants of field maple, hazel, sycamore and beech were noted in 1998.+<sub>3</sub> Ash regeneration is abundant with holly seedlings locally frequent on the upper slopes. Regeneration of wych elm and oak is localised. Small numbers of saplings or young plants of field maple, hazel, sycamore and beech are also noted.
  
-\\ //Large scale felling and replanting is inappropriate and natural regeneration will ensure the continuity of the habitat for the foreseeable future. If natural regeneration of individual species is considered poor, seedlings can be protected with tree tubes or rabbit guards to promote survival and competing vegetation can be cut back.//+//Large scale felling and replanting is inappropriate and natural regeneration will ensure the continuity of the habitat for the foreseeable future. If natural regeneration of individual species is considered poor, seedlings can be protected with tree tubes or rabbit guards to promote survival and competing vegetation can be cut back.//
  
-\\ //At present there is no need for additional planting. If this should be considered necessary in future, transplants from within the site or other local woodlands should be used, or nursery-grown stock of locally-native provenance//<sup>//4//</sup>//.//+//At present there is no need for additional planting. If this should be considered necessary in future, transplants from within the site or other local woodlands should be used, or nursery-grown stock of locally-native provenance//<sup>4</sup>.
  
-\\ //Trees should be allowed to age naturally since aged trees provide one of the most important habitat features in woodland. The presence of dead and decaying timber is part of this natural process and should not be removed except where it presents a safety hazard. Where removal of hazardous timber is necessary, lopping, crown reduction, pollarding or leaving a standing bole should be considered in preference to felling.//+//Trees should be allowed to age naturally since aged trees provide one of the most important habitat features in woodland. The presence of dead and decaying timber is part of this natural process and should not be removed except where it presents a safety hazard. Where removal of hazardous timber is necessary, lopping, crown reduction, pollarding or leaving a standing bole should be considered in preference to felling.//
  
-\\ //Thinning of dense hawthorn growth on Low Knoll will help restore a more balanced vegetation structure and allow canopy trees to re-establish as well as benefiting the ground flora.//+//Thinning of dense hawthorn growth on Low Knoll and on the golf club road margins will help restore a more balanced vegetation structure and allow canopy trees to re-establish as well as benefiting the ground flora.//
  
 //Areas thinned within the past few years are already supporting a rich and attractive ground flora.// //Areas thinned within the past few years are already supporting a rich and attractive ground flora.//
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 === Rarity === === Rarity ===
  
-\\ None of the flowering plants or ferns recorded from Manor Vale are nationally scarce although lily of the valley is described as rare in the context of the North York Moor National Park (Sykes, 1993). This species, along with sessile oak, green hellebore, toothwort, woodruff, greater woodrush and hard shield fern are uncommon or very local in Ryedale district (outside the National Park).+None of the flowering plants or ferns recorded from Manor Vale are nationally scarce although lily of the valley is described as rare in the context of the North York Moor National Park (Sykes, 1993). This species, along with sessile oak, green hellebore, toothwort, woodruff, greater woodrush and hard shield fern are uncommon or very local in Ryedale district (outside the National Park).
  
-\\ The beetle //Oedemera virescens//has its British stronghold in old woodland on the southern edge of the North York Moors. This is a â€˜Red Data Book’ species<sup>5</sup>, classed as Vulnerable (RDB2), ie. likely to become endangered in Britain if existing populations decline.+The beetle //Oedemera virescens//has its British stronghold in old woodland on the southern edge of the North York Moors. This is a 'Red Data Book' species<sup>5</sup>, classed as Vulnerable (RDB2), i.e. likely to become endangered in Britain if existing populations decline.
  
-\\ //The special needs of rare, threatened or declining species should be considered.// //__Oedemera virescens__////is probably associated with the presence of dead or decaying timber and the adults visit hawthorn blossom and flowers such as buttercups to obtain nectar (Hyman & Parsons, 1992).//+//The special needs of rare, threatened or declining species should be considered.// //__Oedemera virescens__////is probably associated with the presence of dead or decaying timber and the adults visit hawthorn blossom and flowers such as buttercups to obtain nectar (Hyman & Parsons, 1992).//
  
 //Allowing trees to age naturally, retaining dead wood (where safety permits), keeping a fringe of open-grown hawthorn bushes and other flowering shrubs around the woodland edge and maintaining flower-rich glades will benefit this and many other woodland insects.// //Allowing trees to age naturally, retaining dead wood (where safety permits), keeping a fringe of open-grown hawthorn bushes and other flowering shrubs around the woodland edge and maintaining flower-rich glades will benefit this and many other woodland insects.//
  
-\\ \\ <sup>4</sup>Imported stock, even of native species, may be unsuited to the local climate, soils, pollinating insects etc. Also, commercially-grown stock is often selected for timber value, uniform growth form or other attributes which are not appropriate to semi-natural woodland.+<sup>4</sup>Imported stock, even of native species, may be unsuited to the local climate, soils, pollinating insects etc. Also, commercially-grown stock is often selected for timber value, uniform growth form or other attributes which are not appropriate to semi-natural woodland.
  
 <sup>5</sup>Red Data Books are inventories of rare or threatened species, compiled in Britain by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee. <sup>5</sup>Red Data Books are inventories of rare or threatened species, compiled in Britain by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
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 === Fragility === === Fragility ===
  
-\\ Woodlands such as Manor Vale with a long continuity of natural vegetation cover, undisturbed by modern forestry practices, are now scarce. Although there are many ancient woods in Ryedale, Manor Vale is one of the few that have not been managed for intensively for timber production.+Woodlands such as Manor Vale with a long continuity of natural vegetation cover, undisturbed by modern forestry practices, are now scarce. Although there are many ancient woods in Ryedale, Manor Vale is one of the few that have not been managed for intensively for timber production.
  
-\\ Clear-felling and replanting, spread of invasive species (eg. sycamore, Japanese Knotweed) and excessive trampling could all disturb the ecology of the site. However, small scale management (eg. removal of hazardous trees for safety reasons, thinning of limited areas, clearance of some hawthorn scrub) is beneficial in maintaining open areas and encouraging a diverse vegetation structure. Present levels of recreational use have only a very localised impact and the paths provide open verges used by woodland-edge species.+Clear-felling and replanting, spread of invasive species (eg. sycamore, Japanese Knotweed) and excessive trampling could all disturb the ecology of the site. However, small scale management (eg. removal of hazardous trees for safety reasons, thinning of limited areas, clearance of some hawthorn scrub) is beneficial in maintaining open areas and encouraging a diverse vegetation structure. Present levels of recreational use have only a very localised impact and the paths provide open verges used by woodland-edge species.
  
-\\ //Large scale management operations are inappropriate on this site. Potentially invasive species should be kept under control. Footpaths should be maintained to encourage use of well-defined////routes. Quiet//+//Large scale management operations are inappropriate on this site. Potentially invasive species should be kept under control. Footpaths should be maintained to encourage use of well-defined//routes.
  
-//recreation (eg. walking, dog-exercising) is an important -- and welcome -- use of the wood but more damaging activities (eg. mountain biking) should be discouraged.//+//Quiet recreation (eg. walking, dog-exercising) is an important -- and welcome -- use of the wood but more damaging activities (eg. mountain biking) should be discouraged.//
  
 === Typicalness === === Typicalness ===
  
-\\ Manor Vale Wood is fairly typical of semi-natural ash woodland (NVC community W8) in Ryedale. Such woodlands are a very distinctive feature of the limestone valleys on the southern fringe of the North York Moors, and make an important contribution to the special landscape character of northern Ryedale.+Manor Vale Wood is fairly typical of semi-natural ash woodland (NVC community W8) in Ryedale. Such woodlands are a very distinctive feature of the limestone valleys on the southern fringe of the North York Moors, and make an important contribution to the special landscape character of northern Ryedale.
  
 === Recorded history === === Recorded history ===
  
-\\ The history of Manor Vale is known mainly in relation to the mediaeval deer park, of which it appears to have formed part (see section 1.2.3.). Collation of more recent historical information would be valuable in understanding the heritage of the site and kits evolution as a woodland. This could be used in any interpretive or educational material which might be produced in future.+The history of Manor Vale is known mainly in relation to the medieval deer park, of which it appears to have formed part (see section 1.2.3.). Collation of more recent historical information would be valuable in understanding the heritage of the site and kits evolution as a woodland. This could be used in any interpretive or educational material which might be produced in future.
  
-\\ There seems to be little information on the wildlife of Manor Vale until quite recently, although Henry Baines’ __Flora of Yorkshire__, published in 1840, mentions frog orchid at this locality. This would suggest that there was some open limestone grassland within the site in the early 19<sup>th</sup>century.+There seems to be little information on the wildlife of Manor Vale until quite recently, although Henry Baines' __Flora of Yorkshire__, published in 1840, mentions frog orchid at this locality. This would suggest that there was some open limestone grassland within the site in the early 19<sup>th</sup>century.
  
-\\ Local naturalists have kept records of wildlife during 1980s and 1990s, which have been compiled by Mr.D.H. Smith (see Appendix 2). Formal vegetation-based surveys have been undertaken in 1989 (Ryedale Phase 1 habitat survey) and 1993 (Ryedale Woodland+Local naturalists have kept records of wildlife during 1980s and 1990s, which have been compiled by Mr.D.H. Smith (see Appendix 2). Formal vegetation-based surveys have been undertaken in 1989 (Ryedale Phase 1 habitat survey) and 1993 (Ryedale Woodland Survey). Further botanical survey were carried out in 1998 (see Appendix 3).
  
-Survey). Further botanical survey has been carried out during the preparation of this report (see Appendix 3). +//Research into the history of Manor Vale should be encouraged. Further biological survey should be encouraged to provide additional information on the nature conservation interest of the site, guide management and monitor ecological changes. Specific needs include an up to date survey of breeding birds.//
- +
-\\ //Research into the history of Manor Vale should be encouraged. Further biological survey should be encouraged to provide additional information on the nature conservation interest of the site, guide management and monitor ecological changes. Specific needs include an up to date survey of breeding birds.//+
  
 === Position in ecological units === === Position in ecological units ===
  
-\\ Manor Vale is one of a series of ancient valley woodlands distributed along the southern foothills of the North York Moors. The ecological importance of this can be seen in relation to the distribution of the beetle //Oedemera virescens,// which has its British stronghold in these woodlands. Other sites for this species include Ashberry, Castle Hill, Duncombe Park, Rievaulx Woods, the banks of the River Rye downstream of Helmsley and Gundale near Pickering. +Manor Vale is one of a series of ancient valley woodlands distributed along the southern foothills of the North York Moors. The ecological importance of this can be seen in relation to the distribution of the beetle //Oedemera virescens,// which has its British stronghold in these woodlands. Other sites for this species include Ashberry, Castle Hill, Duncombe Park, Rievaulx Woods, the banks of the River Rye downstream of Helmsley and Gundale near Pickering.
- +
-\\ On a more local scale, Manor Vale Wood adjoins Spring Wood as well as small areas of limestone grassland and scrub on the golf course boundaries. These add to the ecological interest and diversity of the site and provide additional areas of semi-natural habitat on its periphery.+
  
-\\ In addition, the golf course itself contains extensive areas of limestone grassland, scrub, hedgerows and fragments of ancient woodland which provide valuable wildlife habitats to the north of Manor Vale. A nature conservation plan for the golf course is currently in preparation.+On a more local scale, Manor Vale Wood adjoins Spring Wood as well as small areas of limestone grassland and scrub on the golf course boundaries. These add to the ecological interest and diversity of the site and provide additional areas of semi-natural habitat on its periphery.
  
-\\ //Conservation of adjoining areas of semi-natural habitat should be encouraged. Patches of limestone grassland within the golf course boundary at Low Knoll are in urgent need of clearing to prevent scrub invasion.//+//Conservation of adjoining areas of semi-natural habitat should be encouraged. Patches of limestone grassland within the golf course boundary at Low Knoll are in urgent need of clearing to prevent scrub invasion.//
  
-\\ //Manor Vale is one of a series of valley woodlands in the Helmsley-Pickering area and could provide a model for conservation management of similar sites, eg. through the Ryedale Biodiversity Action Plan.//+//Manor Vale is one of a series of valley woodlands in the Helmsley-Pickering area and could provide a model for conservation management of similar sites, e.g. through the Ryedale Biodiversity Action Plan.//
  
 === Potential value === === Potential value ===
  
-\\ This criterion applies mainly to sites where there is potential to restore, re-create or enhance habitats. At Manor Vale, management is mainly concerned with maintaining the existing interest of the site.+This criterion applies mainly to sites where there is potential to restore, re-create or enhance habitats. At Manor Vale, management is mainly concerned with maintaining the existing interest of the site.
  
 ==== Management objectives ==== ==== Management objectives ====
  
-\\ Objectives of management are:+Objectives of management are:
  
-\\ To manage Manor Vale Wood for the enjoyment of the local community and as a wildlife habitat.+  * To manage Manor Vale Wood for the enjoyment of the local community and as a wildlife habitat.
  
-\\ To encourage community involvement in the management of the site and to promote public interest in the history, heritage and wildlife of Manor Vale, including educational use.+  * To encourage community involvement in the management of the site and to promote public interest in the history, heritage and wildlife of Manor Vale, including educational use.
  
-\\ To maintain the natural character of Manor Vale Wood,+  * To maintain the natural character of Manor Vale Wood,
  
-\\ To maintain the range of existing habitats within the site.+  * To maintain the range of existing habitats within the site.
  
-\\ To conserve scarce or threatened species inhabiting the site.+  * To conserve scarce or threatened species inhabiting the site.
  
 ==== Constraints on management ==== ==== Constraints on management ====
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 The principal factors constraining management of the site include: The principal factors constraining management of the site include:
  
-\\   - Availability of manpower, funding and resources. +a) Availability of manpower, funding and resources. 
  
-\\ //Support from Ryedale District Council has been made available through the design and funding of display boards, employment of the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers to undertake footpath and woodland management work and ongoing liaison with the Management Committee. As a site of district nature conservation importance, organisational support and modest funds may be available from the District Council for management projects but these are constrained by annual budgets and staff time. A small annual budget is allocated by Kirkbymoorside Town Council, the amount varying from year to year.//+//Support from Ryedale District Council has been made available through the design and funding of display boards, employment of the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers to undertake footpath and woodland management work and ongoing liaison with the Management Committee. As a site of district nature conservation importance, organisational support and modest funds may be available from the District Council for management projects but these are constrained by annual budgets and staff time. A small annual budget is allocated by Kirkbymoorside Town Council, the amount varying from year to year.//
  
-\\ //Due to these constraints, funding for more ambitious projects would need to be sought from other sources, eg. landfill tax funds.//+//Due to these constraints, funding for more ambitious projects would need to be sought from other sources, e.g. landfill tax funds.//
  
-\\ \\ (b) Legal liabilities eg. those arising from the Occupiers’ Liability Act regarding public safety, or those arising from wildlife protection legislation.+b) Legal liabilities e.g. those arising from the Occupiers' Liability Act regarding public safety, or those arising from wildlife protection legislation.
  
-\\ //The main obligation regarding public safety is to deal with dangerous trees adjoining the road and footpaths. The Management Committ has an agreement with Ravenswick Estate to deal with potential hazardous timber and to remove fallen trees causing obstruction.//+//The main obligation regarding public safety is to deal with dangerous trees adjoining the road and footpaths. The Management Committee has an agreement with Ravenswick Estate to deal with potential hazardous timber and to remove fallen trees causing obstruction.//
  
-\\ ‘//Steep drop’ signs have been installed to warn of hazardous old quarry cuttings on Low Knoll (Compartment 3).//+//'Steep drop' signs have been installed to warn of hazardous old quarry cuttings on Low Knoll (Compartment 3).//
  
-\\ //None of the plants or animals recorded to date from Manor Vale receive special protection under the Wildlife & Countryside Act (1981), although it is likely that some trees contain bat roosts. If this is found to be the case, Schedule 5 of the act applies and advice must be sought from English Nature before undertaking any work on such trees. In addition, most breeding birds receive general protection under the Act, which requires that reasonable measures be taken to avoid destruction of their nests, eggs or young. For this reason, and as a matter of good practice, any felling or clearance of trees and shrubs should take place outside the period March to July.//+//None of the plants or animals recorded to date from Manor Vale receive special protection under the Wildlife & Countryside Act (1981), although it is likely that some trees contain bat roosts. If this is found to be the case, Schedule 5 of the act applies and advice must be sought from English Nature before undertaking any work on such trees. In addition, most breeding birds receive general protection under the Act, which requires that reasonable measures be taken to avoid destruction of their nests, eggs or young. For this reason, and as a matter of good practice, any felling or clearance of trees and shrubs should take place outside the period March to July.//
  
-\\ (c) Protection of the archaeological interest of the remains of Neville Castle within the site.+c) Protection of the archaeological interest of the remains of Neville Castle within the site.
  
-\\ //Works which may affect the Scheduled Monument and its setting require consent from the Secretary of State via advice from the County archaeologist (NYCC) and/or the local English Heritage Inspector of Ancient Monuments.//+//Works which may affect the Scheduled Monument and its setting require consent from the Secretary of State via advice from the County archaeologist (NYCC) and/or the local English Heritage Inspector of Ancient Monuments.//
  
-\\ (d) The location of easements for utilities such as electricity, water and telephones (see Map 3).+d) The location of easements for utilities such as electricity, water and telephones (see Map 3).
  
-\\ //The location of these supplies -- and the possible need for repair and maintenance works -- should be considered where appropriate. In practice, few foreseeable problems should arise.//+//The location of these supplies -- and the possible need for repair and maintenance works -- should be considered where appropriate. In practice, few foreseeable problems should arise.//
  
-\\ //It should be noted that lopping of trees along the route of the overhead electricity supply will be required from time to time (this work is usually undertaken by the supply company). This would mainly affect area C, an open glade with a few young trees, and is unlikely to have any detrimental impact.//+//It should be noted that lopping of trees along the route of the overhead electricity supply will be required from time to time (this work is usually undertaken by the supply company). This would mainly affect area C, an open glade with a few young trees, and is unlikely to have any detrimental impact.//
  
-\\ \\ (e) The need to maintain road access for the golf club.+e) The need to maintain road access for the golf club.
  
-\\ //The golf club has responsibility for maintenance of the road and the immediate verge. The Management Committee is responsible for prompt removal of fallen timber which might obstruct the road, and for hazardous trees adjoining the road.//+//The golf club has responsibility for maintenance of the road and the immediate verge. The Management Committee is responsible for prompt removal of fallen timber which might obstruct the road, and for hazardous trees adjoining the road.//
  
 ===== Management programme ===== ===== Management programme =====
  
-\\ This section summarises the work undertaken to date since the acquisition of the site in 1993 and outlines the management necessary to meet the objectives set out in the preceding section.+This section summarises the work undertaken to date since the acquisition of the site in 1993 and outlines the management necessary to meet the objectives set out in the preceding section.
  
 ==== Recent management ==== ==== Recent management ====
  
-\\ In 1993, work began to thin encroaching hawthorn, fencing was completed and boundary markers installed, and steps were constructed on a steep section of footpath. Paths were opened up to improve access.+In 1993, work began to thin encroaching hawthorn, fencing was completed and boundary markers installed, and steps were constructed on a steep section of footpath. Paths were opened up to improve access.
  
-\\ In 1994, a new gate was fitted at the Castlegate entrance to the site and the road verges mown several times.+In 1994, a new gate was fitted at the Castlegate entrance to the site and the road verges mown several times.
  
-\\ In 1995, further thinning of the scrub on Low Knoll was undertaken and â€˜No Tipping’ and â€˜Steep Drop’ signs erected by one of the old quarries. Ivy growth on the castle wall was controlled by spraying and cutting the main stems.+In 1995, further thinning of the scrub on Low Knoll was undertaken and 'No Tipping' and 'Steep Drop' signs erected by one of the old quarries. Ivy growth on the castle wall was controlled by spraying and cutting the main stems.
  
-\\ In 1996, thinning work continued and a notice board was erected in February. Two seats, made from timber from a fallen oak tree, were installed and the path at the Castlegate entrance stoned.+In 1996, thinning work continued and a notice board was erected in February. Two seats, made from timber from a fallen oak tree, were installed and the path at the Castlegate entrance stoned.
  
-\\ In 1997, further thinning was carried out and repairs to the steps were undertaken. Small scale thinning has continued in 1998-99 with scrub cut back from the margins on the limestone grassland area. Gaps in the boundary hedge along the eastern edge of Manor Vale have been planted up and a new gate installed at the Castlegate entrance.+In 1997, further thinning was carried out and repairs to the steps were undertaken. Small scale thinning has continued in 1998-99 with scrub cut back from the margins on the limestone grassland area. Gaps in the boundary hedge along the eastern edge of Manor Vale have been planted up and a new gate installed at the Castlegate entrance.
  
-\\ Much of the thinning and footpath work has been undertaken by the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers with participation from members of the Management Committee. The Ravenswick Estate have also undertaken a considerable amount of thinning, tree safety work and scrub control on behalf of the Management Committee.+Much of the thinning and footpath work has been undertaken by the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers with participation from members of the Management Committee. The Ravenswick Estate have also undertaken a considerable amount of thinning, tree safety work and scrub control on behalf of the Management Committee.
  
-\\ Management Committee meetings are normally followed by an inspection of the site to identify any work required.+Management Committee meetings are normally followed by an inspection of the site to identify any work required.
  
  ==== Future management ====  ==== Future management ====
  
-\\ Future management needs can be divided into â€˜routine’ annual tasks and more occasional tasks to be undertaken as and when necessary, or as resources allow.+Future management needs can be divided into 'routine' annual tasks and more occasional tasks to be undertaken as and when necessary, or as resources allow.
  
  ===Annual tasks ===  ===Annual tasks ===
  
-\\ (a) Mowing of limestone grassland in Compartment 2 (area E): 50% should be cut and raked in September each year.+a) Mowing of limestone grassland in Compartment 2 (area E Finches Fork): 50% should be cut and raked in August/September each year.
  
 //Note: cutting with a reciprocating blade or similar mower will make raking easier. A flail mower should not be used. Prompt removal of cuttings reduces the build-up of nutrients (thus discouraging rank grasses) and prevents smaller wildflowers becoming smothered by the mulch.// //Note: cutting with a reciprocating blade or similar mower will make raking easier. A flail mower should not be used. Prompt removal of cuttings reduces the build-up of nutrients (thus discouraging rank grasses) and prevents smaller wildflowers becoming smothered by the mulch.//
  
-\\ (b) Sycamore and beech whips and saplings should be pulled or cut in any area where they have become numerous. A site inspection shold be taken annually to identify problem areas.+b) Sycamore and beech whips and saplings should be pulled or cut in any area where they have become numerous. A site inspection shold be taken annually to identify problem areas.
  
 //Note: specimen trees of beech and sycamore enhance the wood but both species can become invasive, casting deep shade and affecting the natural ash wood flora. The aim should be control of regeneration of these species, not their eradication.// //Note: specimen trees of beech and sycamore enhance the wood but both species can become invasive, casting deep shade and affecting the natural ash wood flora. The aim should be control of regeneration of these species, not their eradication.//
  
-\\ (c) The growth of Japanese knotweed should be monitored annually. If there are signs of spread, appropriate syeps should be taken to control this invasive species.+c) The growth of Japanese knotweed should be monitored annually. If there are signs of spread, appropriate steps should be taken to control this invasive species.
  
 //Note: Japanese knotweed has established on tipped material on the embankment below the golf club car park in Compartment 2. Cutting and/or herbicide treatment should be considered to prevent further spread.// //Note: Japanese knotweed has established on tipped material on the embankment below the golf club car park in Compartment 2. Cutting and/or herbicide treatment should be considered to prevent further spread.//
  
-\\ (d) Cutting of encroaching vegetation along footpaths should be carried out each summer where necessary.+d) Cutting of encroaching vegetation along footpaths should be carried out each summer where necessary. This includes overhanging scrub to be cut by flail mower
  
-//Note: at present footpaths are well used and more or less self-maintaining.// 
  
-\\ (e) Hazardous timber should be dealt with on an ongoing basis as necessary. An inspection of potentially hazardous timber should be taken annually and appropriate action taken.+e) Hazardous timber should be dealt with on an ongoing basis as necessary. An inspection of potentially hazardous timber should be taken annually and appropriate action taken.
  
 //Note: see 2.2.4. and 2.2.5. on the ecological importance of dead wood and recommendations for its management.// //Note: see 2.2.4. and 2.2.5. on the ecological importance of dead wood and recommendations for its management.//
  
-\\ (f) Hawthorn thinning: small-scale thinning of hawthorn in Compartment 2 should be continued each winter, at least for the next few years.+f) Hawthorn thinning: small-scale thinning of hawthorn in Compartment 2 should be continued each winter, at least for the next few years.
  
-Note//: dense, spindly hawthorn thickets have limited wildlife value and prevent re- establishment of a more natural woodland habitat. However, open-grown hawthorns along the rides and woodland edge are very valuable, providing nectar for insects and berries for birds. Old hawthorns may be particularly valuable for lichens, invertebrates etc and should never be removed.//+Note:// dense, spindly hawthorn thickets have limited wildlife value and prevent re- establishment of a more natural woodland habitat. However, open-grown hawthorns along the rides and woodland edge are very valuable, providing nectar for insects and berries for birds. Old hawthorns may be particularly valuable for lichens, invertebrates etc and should never be removed.//
  
-\\ (g) Remove a proportion of bramble and sapling growth from area B to maintain open conditions.+g) Remove a proportion of bramble and sapling growth from area B to maintain open conditions.
  
-\\ (h) Mowing of the road verges (undertaken by the gold club).+h) Mowing of the road verges (undertaken by the gold club).
  
 //Note: grass cuttings left to mulch down may be contributing to stinging nettle growth at the foot of the slope. The possibility of boxing cuttings should be investigated.// //Note: grass cuttings left to mulch down may be contributing to stinging nettle growth at the foot of the slope. The possibility of boxing cuttings should be investigated.//
  
-\\ (i) Maintain a record of work undertaken each year.+i) Maintain a record of work undertaken each year.
  
 === Occasional tasks === === Occasional tasks ===
  
-\\ (a) Maintain and repair footpaths, steps and stiles as necessary.+a) Maintain and repair footpaths, steps and stiles as necessary.
  
-\\ (b) Consider production of an information leaflet explaining the history and wildlife interest of Manor Vale.+b) Consider production of an information leaflet explaining the history and wildlife interest of Manor Vale.
  
-\\ (c) Encourage research into the history of Manor Vale.+c) Encourage research into the history of Manor Vale.
  
-\\ (d) Encourage further biological survey.+d) Encourage further biological survey.
  
-\\ (e) Cut back encroaching scrub and ash saplings around the margins of limestone grassland in area E as necessary.+e) Cut back encroaching scrub and ash saplings around the margins of limestone grassland in area E as necessary.
  
 ===== References ===== ===== References =====
  
-\\ Baines, H. (1840). **The flora of Yorkshire.**Longman & Co.: London.+Baines, H. (1840). **The flora of Yorkshire.**Longman & Co.: London.
  
-\\ Dornier, A.M. (1967). Neville Castle, Kirkbymoorside: excavations 1963 and 1965. __Yorkshire Archaeological Journal__, **42:** 98-102+Dornier, A.M. (1967). Neville Castle, Kirkbymoorside: excavations 1963 and 1965. __Yorkshire Archaeological Journal__, **42:** 98-102
  
-\\ HAMMOND, M & CROSSLEY, R. (1992). **The scarce and threatened wildlife of Ryedale: a biodiversity audit.** Report to Ryedale District Council (unpublished).+HAMMOND, M & CROSSLEY, R. (1992). **The scarce and threatened wildlife of Ryedale: a biodiversity audit.** Report to Ryedale District Council (unpublished).
  
-\\ HYMAN. P.S. & PARSONS, M.S. (1992). **A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain.** Vol.1, UK Nature Conservation no.3. Joint Nature Conservation Committee: Peterborough.+HYMAN. P.S. & PARSONS, M.S. (1992). **A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain.** Vol.1, UK Nature Conservation no.3. Joint Nature Conservation Committee: Peterborough.
  
-\\ JERRAM, R., CLAYDEN, D. & REES, S. (1998). **North York Moors National Park: upland vegetation survey -- summary report.** English Nature Research Reports No.245. English Nature: Peterborough.+JERRAM, R., CLAYDEN, D. & REES, S. (1998). **North York Moors National Park: upland vegetation survey -- summary report.** English Nature Research Reports No.245. English Nature: Peterborough.
  
-\\ KIRBY, K.J. & DRAKE, C.M. (1993). **Dead wood matters: the ecology and conservation of saproxylic invertebrates in Britain.** English Nature Science No. 7. English Nature, Peterborough.+KIRBY, K.J. & DRAKE, C.M. (1993). **Dead wood matters: the ecology and conservation of saproxylic invertebrates in Britain.** English Nature Science No. 7. English Nature, Peterborough.
  
-\\ nature conservancy council (1987). **Site management plans for nature conservation: a working guide.** NCC.+Nature Conservancy Council (1987). **Site management plans for nature conservation: a working guide.** NCC.
  
-\\ PHILLIPS, P.M. (1994). **Inventory of ancient woodland (provisional), North Yorkshire.** Part III: Ryedale & Scarborough. English Nature: Peterborough.+PHILLIPS, P.M. (1994). **Inventory of ancient woodland (provisional), North Yorkshire.** Part III: Ryedale & Scarborough. English Nature: Peterborough.
  
-\\ RATCLIFFE, D.A. (ed) (1977). **A nature conservation review.** Cambridge University Press.+RATCLIFFE, D.A. (ed) (1977). **A nature conservation review.** Cambridge University Press.
  
-\\ RAYNER, D.H. & HEMINGWAY, J.E. (eds). (1974). **The geology and mineral resources of Yorkshire.** Yorkshire Geological Society.+RAYNER, D.H. & HEMINGWAY, J.E. (eds). (1974). **The geology and mineral resources of Yorkshire.** Yorkshire Geological Society.
  
-\\ RIMMINGTON, F.C. (1970). The early deer parks of north-east Yorkshire. Part I: Introduction. __Transactions of the Scarborough & District Archaeological Society__, **2**(13): 3-16.+RIMMINGTON, F.C. (1970). The early deer parks of north-east Yorkshire. Part I: Introduction. __Transactions of the Scarborough & District Archaeological Society__, **2**(13): 3-16.
  
 RIMMINGTON, F.C. (1977). The early deer parks of north-east Yorkshire. Part II: Catalogue. __Transactions of the Scarborough & District Archaeological Society__, **3**(20): 31-39. RIMMINGTON, F.C. (1977). The early deer parks of north-east Yorkshire. Part II: Catalogue. __Transactions of the Scarborough & District Archaeological Society__, **3**(20): 31-39.
  
-\\ RODWELL, J.S. (ed) (1991). **British plant communities, 1: woodlands and scrub.** Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.+RODWELL, J.S. (ed) (1991). **British plant communities, 1: woodlands and scrub.** Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
  
-\\ SYKES, N. (1993). **Wild plants and their habitats in the North York Moors.** North York Moors National Park: Helmsley.+SYKES, N. (1993). **Wild plants and their habitats in the North York Moors.** North York Moors National Park: Helmsley.
  
-\\ WESTON, A. (1994). **Ryedale ancient woodland survey.** Department of Biology, University of York: TMRU Reports & Papers No. 94/2+WESTON, A. (1994). **Ryedale ancient woodland survey.** Department of Biology, University of York: TMRU Reports & Papers No. 94/2
  
-\\ WILLIAMS, R.A.H. (1977). An excavation at Neville Castle, Kirkbymoorside, North Yorkshire, 1974. __Yorkshire Archaeological Journal__, **49**: 87-96+WILLIAMS, R.A.H. (1977). An excavation at Neville Castle, Kirkbymoorside, North Yorkshire, 1974. __Yorkshire Archaeological Journal__, **49**: 87-96
  
  
Line 457: Line 455:
 //Ajuga reptans// bugle l //Ajuga reptans// bugle l
  
-//Alchemilla filicaulis ssp. vestita// hairy lady’s mantle l+//Alchemilla filicaulis ssp. vestita// hairy lady's mantle l
  
-//Alchemilla xanthochlora// intermediate lady’s mantle r+//Alchemilla xanthochlora// intermediate lady's mantle r
  
 //Allium ursinum// ramsons lf //Allium ursinum// ramsons lf
Line 507: Line 505:
 //Chamerion angustifolium// rosebay l //Chamerion angustifolium// rosebay l
  
-//Circaea lutetiana// enchanter’s nightshade lf+//Circaea lutetiana// enchanter's nightshade lf
  
 //Cirsium arvense// creeping thistle o //Cirsium arvense// creeping thistle o
Line 565: Line 563:
 //Galium saxatile// heath bedstraw vl //Galium saxatile// heath bedstraw vl
  
-//Galium verum// lady’s bedstraw l+//Galium verum// lady's bedstraw l
  
 //Geranium pratense// meadow cranesbill l //Geranium pratense// meadow cranesbill l
Line 591: Line 589:
 //Hyacinthoides non-scripta// bluebell lf //Hyacinthoides non-scripta// bluebell lf
  
-//Hypericum hirsutum// hairy St John’s wort l+//Hypericum hirsutum// hairy St John's wort l
  
-//Hypericum pulchrum// slender St John’s wort vl+//Hypericum pulchrum// slender St John's wort vl
  
 //Ilex aquifolium// holly l //Ilex aquifolium// holly l
Line 627: Line 625:
 //Melica uniflora// wood melick l //Melica uniflora// wood melick l
  
-//Mercurialis perennis// dog’s mercury a+//Mercurialis perennis// dog's mercury a
  
 //Mycelis muralis// wall lettuce r //Mycelis muralis// wall lettuce r
Line 811: Line 809:
 ===== Appendix: Further lists of flowering plants, birds, insects & lichens ===== ===== Appendix: Further lists of flowering plants, birds, insects & lichens =====
  
-\\ The following records were compiled from 1983 to 1995 covering a range of disciplines including some flowering plants discovered since the woodland surveys of 20/6/93 (A.Weston) and 13/9/98. Since the contributors gave of their time freely without claiming any expenses it is only right that acknowledgement be made.+The following records were compiled from 1983 to 1995 covering a range of disciplines including some flowering plants discovered since the woodland surveys of 20/6/93 (A.Weston) and 13/9/98. Since the contributors gave of their time freely without claiming any expenses it is only right that acknowledgement be made.
  
-\\ __Compiler codes__+__Compiler codes__
  
 ag Andrew Grayson, Kirkbymoorside. 1994 Y.N.U. County Diptera recorder ag Andrew Grayson, Kirkbymoorside. 1994 Y.N.U. County Diptera recorder
Line 829: Line 827:
 rd1 Ryedale District Phase 1 Survey. 13.9.1989 rd1 Ryedale District Phase 1 Survey. 13.9.1989
  
-\\ The compiler takes responsibility for the addition of English names and habitat notes to the records. Identifications have been made by the use of specific keys except for the micro moths, named with the help of a comprehensive reference collection belonging to the late Arthur Smith of York and except for spiders, for which I am grateful to the late Clifford Smith of York, Y.N.U. Recorder, for their identification. Bird records supplied by Michael Rowntree, late of the Manor Vale Management sub-committee: p=present in/around the wood, b=possible/probable breeders. Nan Sykes has considerably extended the original flowering plant list and added some fern species. Andrew Grayson, a local entomologist, has added more insect records and John Blackburn, mosses, liverworts and some additional flowering plants.+The compiler takes responsibility for the addition of English names and habitat notes to the records. Identifications have been made by the use of specific keys except for the micro moths, named with the help of a comprehensive reference collection belonging to the late Arthur Smith of York and except for spiders, for which I am grateful to the late Clifford Smith of York, Y.N.U. Recorder, for their identification. Bird records supplied by Michael Rowntree, late of the Manor Vale Management sub-committee: p=present in/around the wood, b=possible/probable breeders. Nan Sykes has considerably extended the original flowering plant list and added some fern species. Andrew Grayson, a local entomologist, has added more insect records and John Blackburn, mosses, liverworts and some additional flowering plants.
  
 === Birds === === Birds ===
  
-\\ //Accipiter nisus// Sparrowhawk P+//Accipiter nisus// Sparrowhawk P
  
 //Argithalos caudatus// Long-tailed Tit B //Argithalos caudatus// Long-tailed Tit B
Line 925: Line 923:
 === Flowering plants (additional) === === Flowering plants (additional) ===
  
-\\ //Arctium minus - ssp.nemorosum// Wood Burdock jb+//Arctium minus - ssp.nemorosum// Wood Burdock jb
  
 //Campanula latifolia// Giant bellflower ns //Campanula latifolia// Giant bellflower ns
Line 1077: Line 1075:
 === Fungi (micro) === === Fungi (micro) ===
  
-\\ //Epichloe typhia// ds white â€˜Choke’ on ?Cocksfoot+\\ //Epichloe typhia// ds white 'Choke' on ?Cocksfoot
  
 //Trachspora ?intrusa// ds orange rust on Alchemilla //Trachspora ?intrusa// ds orange rust on Alchemilla
Line 1197: Line 1195:
 //Evacanthus nervosus// ds //Evacanthus nervosus// ds
  
-//Philaenus spumarius// ds the common â€˜Cuckoo-spit’ froghopper+//Philaenus spumarius// ds the common 'Cuckoo-spit' froghopper
  
 //Stenocranus minutus// ds //Stenocranus minutus// ds
Line 1203: Line 1201:
 === Scorpionflies & others - Megaloptera === === Scorpionflies & others - Megaloptera ===
  
-\\ //Panorpa germanica// ds â€˜Scorpionfly’+\\ //Panorpa germanica// ds 'Scorpionfly'
  
 === Butterflies - Lepidoptera === === Butterflies - Lepidoptera ===
Line 1281: Line 1279:
 //Demetrias atricapilla// ds //Demetrias atricapilla// ds
  
-//Hypostenus similis// ds predatory â€˜brachelytra’+//Hypostenus similis// ds predatory 'brachelytra'
  
 //Malachius bipustulatus// ds a predatory flower beetle //Malachius bipustulatus// ds a predatory flower beetle
Line 1349: Line 1347:
 //Osmia rufa// ds the Red Mining bee //Osmia rufa// ds the Red Mining bee
  
-//Psithyrus bohemicus// ds Gipsy Cuckoo bee - takes over nest of Bombus +//Psithyrus bohemicus// ds Gipsy Cuckoo bee - takes over nest of Bombus lucorum
- +
-lucorum+
  
 //Psithyrus vestalis// ds Vestal Cuckoo bee //Psithyrus vestalis// ds Vestal Cuckoo bee
Line 1357: Line 1353:
 === Craneflies - Diptera === === Craneflies - Diptera ===
  
-\\ //Limonia nubeculosa// ds small, delicate cranefly+//Limonia nubeculosa// ds small, delicate cranefly
  
 //Limonia tripunctata// ds ditto - wings with 3 spots //Limonia tripunctata// ds ditto - wings with 3 spots
Line 1363: Line 1359:
 //Nephrotoma flavescens// ds yellow & black bodied cranefly //Nephrotoma flavescens// ds yellow & black bodied cranefly
  
-//Tipula hortorum// ds large â€˜agricultural’ cranefly+//Tipula hortorum// ds large 'agricultural' cranefly
  
 //Tipula lunata// ds //Tipula lunata// ds
Line 1373: Line 1369:
 === Empids & Asilids - Diptera === === Empids & Asilids - Diptera ===
  
-\\ //Chrysopilus asiliformis// ag+//Chrysopilus asiliformis// ag
  
 //Dioctria rufipes// ds/ag robber fly //Dioctria rufipes// ds/ag robber fly
Line 1391: Line 1387:
 //Rhamphomyia sulcata// ag //Rhamphomyia sulcata// ag
  
-=== â€˜Dollie’ flies & rest of the Brachycera - Diptera ===+=== 'Dollie' flies & rest of the Brachycera - Diptera ===
  
-\\ //Beris chalybata// ds/ag+//Beris chalybata// ds/ag
  
 //Beris vallata// ds //Beris vallata// ds
Line 1401: Line 1397:
 //Bibio lepidus// ds //Bibio lepidus// ds
  
-//Bibio marci// ds St.Mark’s fly+//Bibio marci// ds St.Mark's fly
  
 //Bibio nigriventris// ds //Bibio nigriventris// ds
Line 1411: Line 1407:
 //Dilophus femoratus// ds Fever fly //Dilophus femoratus// ds Fever fly
  
-//Dolichopus ungulatus// ds a common â€˜dollie’+//Dolichopus ungulatus// ds a common 'dollie'
  
 //Microchrysa polita// ds //Microchrysa polita// ds
  
-//Poecilobothrus nobilitatus// ds handsome â€˜dollie’ with white-tipped wings+//Poecilobothrus nobilitatus// ds handsome 'dollie' with white-tipped wings
  
 //Rhagio tringarius// ds Snipe-fly //Rhagio tringarius// ds Snipe-fly
Line 1425: Line 1421:
 === Hoverflies & Conopidae - Diptera === === Hoverflies & Conopidae - Diptera ===
  
-\\ //Cheilosia albitarsis// ds+//Cheilosia albitarsis// ds
  
 //Cheilosia antiqua - var.A// ds/ag //Cheilosia antiqua - var.A// ds/ag
Line 1481: Line 1477:
 //Syrphus ribesii// ds/ag //Syrphus ribesii// ds/ag
  
-//Volucella pellucens// ds/ag larva scavenges in bees’ nests+//Volucella pellucens// ds/ag larva scavenges in bees' nests
  
 //Xylota segnis// ag //Xylota segnis// ag
Line 1489: Line 1485:
 === Remainder of Cyclorrhapha - Diptera === === Remainder of Cyclorrhapha - Diptera ===
  
-\\ //Anthomyia pluvialis// ds a black & white marked muscid fly+//Anthomyia pluvialis// ds a black & white marked muscid fly
  
 //Calliphora vicina// ag a bluebottle //Calliphora vicina// ag a bluebottle
Line 1507: Line 1503:
 //Graphomya maculata// ds a muscid //Graphomya maculata// ds a muscid
  
-//Gymnochaeta viridis// ds a large green parasitic fly, larvae internal caterpillar +//Gymnochaeta viridis// ds a large green parasitic fly, larvae internal caterpillar parasites.
- +
-parasites.+
  
 //Limnia unguicornis// ds larvae attack snails //Limnia unguicornis// ds larvae attack snails
Line 1545: Line 1539:
 === Galls === === Galls ===
  
-\\ //Dasyneura ulmariae// ds midge galls on Meadowsweet leaves+//Dasyneura ulmariae// ds midge galls on Meadowsweet leaves
  
 //Dasyneura urticae// ds midge galls in axils of Stinging nettle //Dasyneura urticae// ds midge galls in axils of Stinging nettle
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